R204 - Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 104th Session on 1 June 2015, and

Recognizing that the high incidence of the informal economy in all its aspects is a major challenge for the rights of workers, including the fundamental principles and rights at work, and for social protection, decent working conditions, inclusive development and the rule of law, and has a negative impact on the development of sustainable enterprises, public revenues and governments’ scope of action, particularly with regard to economic, social and environmental policies, the soundness of institutions and fair competition in national and international markets, and

Acknowledging that most people enter the informal economy not by choice but as a consequence of a lack of opportunities in the formal economy and in the absence of other means of livelihood, and

Recalling that decent work deficits – the denial of rights at work, the absence of sufficient opportunities for quality employment, inadequate social protection and the absence of social dialogue – are most pronounced in the informal economy, and

Acknowledging that informality has multiple causes, including governance and structural issues, and that public policies can speed up the process of transition to the formal economy, in a context of social dialogue, and

Recalling the Declaration of Philadelphia, 1944, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, 1998, and the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008, and

Reaffirming the relevance of the eight ILO fundamental Conventions and other relevant international labour standards and United Nations instruments as listed in the Annex, and

Recalling the resolution and Conclusions concerning decent work and the informal economy adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 90th Session (2002), and other relevant resolutions and Conclusions as listed in the Annex, and

Affirming that the transition from the informal to the formal economy is essential to achieve inclusive development and to realize decent work for all, and

Recognizing the need for Members to take urgent and appropriate measures to enable the transition of workers and economic units from the informal to the formal economy, while ensuring the preservation and improvement of existing livelihoods during the transition, and

Recognizing that employers’ and workers’ organizations play an important and active role in facilitating the transition from the informal to the formal economy, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the transition from the informal to the formal economy, which is the fifth item on the agenda of the session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of a Recommendation;

adopts this twelfth day of June of the year two thousand and fifteen the following Recommendation, which may be cited as the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015.

I. Objectives and scope

1. 1. This Recommendation provides guidance to Members to:
   • (a) facilitate the transition of workers and economic units from the informal to the formal economy, while respecting workers’ fundamental rights and ensuring opportunities for income security, livelihoods and entrepreneurship;
   • (b) promote the creation, preservation and sustainability of enterprises and decent jobs in the formal economy and the coherence of macroeconomic, employment, social protection and other social policies; and
   • (c) prevent the informalization of formal economy jobs.
2. 2. For the purposes of this Recommendation, the term “informal economy”:
   • (a) refers to all economic activities by workers and economic units that are – in law or in practice – not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements; and
   • (b) does not cover illicit activities, in particular the provision of services or the production, sale, possession or use of goods forbidden by law, including the illicit production and trafficking of drugs, the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, trafficking in persons, and money laundering, as defined in the relevant international treaties.
3. 3. For the purposes of this Recommendation, “economic units” in the informal economy include:
   • (a) units that employ hired labour;
   • (b) units that are owned by individuals working on their own account, either alone or with the help of contributing family workers; and
   • (c) cooperatives and social and solidarity economy units.
4. 4. This Recommendation applies to all workers and economic units – including enterprises, entrepreneurs and households – in the informal economy, in particular:
   • (a) those in the informal economy who own and operate economic units, including:
     • (i) own-account workers;
     • (ii) employers; and
     • (iii) members of cooperatives and of social and solidarity economy units;
   • (b) contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they work in economic units in the formal or informal economy;
   • (c) employees holding informal jobs in or for formal enterprises, or in or for economic units in the informal economy, including but not limited to those in subcontracting and in supply chains, or as paid domestic workers employed by households; and
   • (d) workers in unrecognized or unregulated employment relationships.
5. 5. Informal work may be found across all sectors of the economy, in both public and private spaces.
6. 6. In giving effect to the provisions of Paragraphs 2 to 5 above, and given the diversity of the informal economy across member States, the competent authority should identify the nature and extent of the informal economy as described in this Recommendation, and its relationship to the formal economy. In so doing, the competent authority should make use of tripartite mechanisms with the full participation of the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, which should include in their rank, according to national practice, representatives of membership-based representative organizations of workers and economic units in the informal economy.

II. Guiding principles

1. 7. In designing coherent and integrated strategies to facilitate the transition to the formal economy, Members should take into account the following:
   • (a) the diversity of characteristics, circumstances and needs of workers and economic units in the informal economy, and the necessity to address such diversity with tailored approaches;
   • (b) the specific national circumstances, legislation, policies, practices and priorities for the transition to the formal economy;
   • (c) the fact that different and multiple strategies can be applied to facilitate the transition to the formal economy;
   • (d) the need for coherence and coordination across a broad range of policy areas in facilitating the transition to the formal economy;
   • (e) the effective promotion and protection of the human rights of all those operating in the informal economy;
   • (f) the fulfilment of decent work for all through respect for the fundamental principles and rights at work, in law and practice;
   • (g) the up-to-date international labour standards that provide guidance in specific policy areas (see Annex);
   • (h) the promotion of gender equality and non-discrimination;
   • (i) the need to pay special attention to those who are especially vulnerable to the most serious decent work deficits in the informal economy, including but not limited to women, young people, migrants, older people, indigenous and tribal peoples, persons living with HIV or affected by HIV or AIDS, persons with disabilities, domestic workers and subsistence farmers;
   • (j) the preservation and expansion, during the transition to the formal economy, of the entrepreneurial potential, creativity, dynamism, skills and innovative capacities of workers and economic units in the informal economy;
   • (k) the need for a balanced approach combining incentives with compliance measures; and
   • (l) the need to prevent and sanction deliberate avoidance of, or exit from, the formal economy for the purpose of evading taxation and the application of social and labour laws and regulations.

III. Legal and policy frameworks

1. 8. Members should undertake a proper assessment and diagnostics of factors, characteristics, causes and circumstances of informality in the national context to inform the design and implementation of laws and regulations, policies and other measures aiming to facilitate the transition to the formal economy.
2. 9. Members should adopt, review and enforce national laws and regulations or other measures to ensure appropriate coverage and protection of all categories of workers and economic units.
3. 10. Members should ensure that an integrated policy framework to facilitate the transition to the formal economy is included in national development strategies or plans as well as in poverty reduction strategies and budgets, taking into account, where appropriate, the role of different levels of government.
4. 11. This integrated policy framework should address:
   • (a) the promotion of strategies for sustainable development, poverty eradication and inclusive growth, and the generation of decent jobs in the formal economy;
   • (b) the establishment of an appropriate legislative and regulatory framework;
   • (c) the promotion of a conducive business and investment environment;
   • (d) respect for and promotion and realization of the fundamental principles and rights at work;
   • (e) the organization and representation of employers and workers to promote social dialogue;
   • (f) the promotion of equality and the elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence, including gender-based violence, at the workplace;
   • (g) the promotion of entrepreneurship, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and other forms of business models and economic units, such as cooperatives and other social and solidarity economy units;
   • (h) access to education, lifelong learning and skills development;
   • (i) access to financial services, including through a regulatory framework promoting an inclusive financial sector;
   • (j) access to business services;
   • (k) access to markets;
   • (l) access to infrastructure and technology;
   • (m) the promotion of sectoral policies;
   • (n) the establishment of social protection floors, where they do not exist, and the extension of social security coverage;
   • (o) the promotion of local development strategies, both rural and urban, including regulated access for use of public space and regulated access to public natural resources for subsistence livelihoods;
   • (p) effective occupational safety and health policies;
   • (q) efficient and effective labour inspections;
   • (r) income security, including appropriately designed minimum wage policies;
   • (s) effective access to justice; and
   • (t) international cooperation mechanisms.
5. 12. When formulating and implementing an integrated policy framework, Members should ensure coordination across different levels of government and cooperation between the relevant bodies and authorities, such as tax authorities, social security institutions, labour inspectorates, customs authorities, migration bodies and employment services, among others, depending on national circumstances.
6. 13. Members should recognize the importance of safeguarding the opportunities of workers and economic units for income security in the transition to the formal economy by providing the means for such workers or economic units to obtain recognition of their existing property as well as by providing the means to formalize property rights and access to land.

IV. Employment policies

1. 14. In pursuing the objective of quality job creation in the formal economy, Members should formulate and implement a national employment policy in line with the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), and make full, decent, productive and freely chosen employment a central goal in their national development and growth strategy or plan.
2. 15. Members should promote the implementation of a comprehensive employment policy framework, based on tripartite consultations, that may include the following elements:
   • (a) pro-employment macroeconomic policies that support aggregate demand, productive investment and structural transformation, promote sustainable enterprises, support business confidence, and address inequalities;
   • (b) trade, industrial, tax, sectoral and infrastructure policies that promote employment, enhance productivity and facilitate structural transformation processes;
   • (c) enterprise policies that promote sustainable enterprises and, in particular, the conditions for a conducive environment, taking into account the resolution and Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 96th Session (2007), including support to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurship, and well-designed, transparent and well-communicated regulations to facilitate formalization and fair competition;
   • (d) labour market policies and institutions to help low-income households to escape poverty and access freely chosen employment, such as appropriately designed wage policies including minimum wages, social protection schemes including cash transfers, public employment programmes and guarantees, and enhanced outreach and delivery of employment services to those in the informal economy;
   • (e) labour migration policies that take into account labour market needs and promote decent work and the rights of migrant workers;
   • (f) education and skills development policies that support lifelong learning, respond to the evolving needs of the labour market and to new technologies, and recognize prior learning such as through informal apprenticeship systems, thereby broadening options for formal employment;
   • (g) comprehensive activation measures to facilitate the school-to-work transition of young people, in particular those who are disadvantaged, such as youth guarantee schemes to provide access to training and continuing productive employment;
   • (h) measures to promote the transition from unemployment or inactivity to work, in particular for long-term unemployed persons, women and other disadvantaged groups; and
   • (i) relevant, accessible and up-to-date labour market information systems.

V. Rights and social protection

1. 16. Members should take measures to achieve decent work and to respect, promote and realize the fundamental principles and rights at work for those in the informal economy, namely:
   • (a) freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;
   • (b) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour;
   • (c) the effective abolition of child labour; and
   • (d) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
2. 17. Members should:
   • (a) take immediate measures to address the unsafe and unhealthy working conditions that often characterize work in the informal economy; and
   • (b) promote and extend occupational safety and health protection to employers and workers in the informal economy.
3. 18. Through the transition to the formal economy, Members should progressively extend, in law and practice, to all workers in the informal economy, social security, maternity protection, decent working conditions and a minimum wage that takes into account the needs of workers and considers relevant factors, including but not limited to the cost of living and the general level of wages in their country.
4. 19. In building and maintaining national social protection floors within their social security system and facilitating the transition to the formal economy, Members should pay particular attention to the needs and circumstances of those in the informal economy and their families.
5. 20. Through the transition to the formal economy, Members should progressively extend the coverage of social insurance to those in the informal economy and, if necessary, adapt administrative procedures, benefits and contributions, taking into account their contributory capacity.
6. 21. Members should encourage the provision of and access to affordable quality childcare and other care services in order to promote gender equality in entrepreneurship and employment opportunities and to enable the transition to the formal economy.

VI. Incentives, compliance and enforcement

1. 22.Members should take appropriate measures, including through a combination of preventive measures, law enforcement and effective sanctions, to address tax evasion and avoidance of social contributions, labour laws and regulations. Any incentives should be linked to facilitating the effective and timely transition from the informal to the formal economy.
2. 23. Members should reduce, where appropriate, the barriers to the transition to the formal economy and take measures to promote anti-corruption efforts and good governance.
3. 24. Members should provide incentives for, and promote the advantages of, effective transition to the formal economy, including improved access to business services, finance, infrastructure, markets, technology, education and skills programmes, and property rights.
4. 25. With respect to the formalization of micro and small economic units, Members should:
   • (a) undertake business entry reforms by reducing registration costs and the length of the procedure, and by improving access to services, for example, through information and communication technologies;
   • (b) reduce compliance costs by introducing simplified tax and contributions assessment and payment regimes;
   • (c) promote access to public procurement, consistent with national legislation, including labour legislation, through measures such as adapting procurement procedures and volumes, providing training and advice on participating in public tenders, and reserving quotas for these economic units;
   • (d) improve access to inclusive financial services, such as credit and equity, payment and insurance services, savings, and guarantee schemes, tailored to the size and needs of these economic units;
   • (e) improve access to entrepreneurship training, skills development and tailored business development services; and
   • (f) improve access to social security coverage.
5. 26. Members should put in place appropriate mechanisms or review existing mechanisms with a view to ensuring compliance with national laws and regulations, including but not limited to ensuring recognition and enforcement of employment relationships, so as to facilitate the transition to the formal economy.
6. 27. Members should have an adequate and appropriate system of inspection, extend coverage of labour inspection to all workplaces in the informal economy in order to protect workers, and provide guidance for enforcement bodies, including on how to address working conditions in the informal economy.
7. 28. Members should take measures to ensure the effective provision of information, assistance in complying with the relevant laws and regulations, and capacity building for relevant actors.
8. 29. Members should put in place efficient and accessible complaint and appeal procedures.
9. 30. Members should provide for preventive and appropriate corrective measures to facilitate the transition to the formal economy, and ensure that the administrative, civil or penal sanctions provided for by national laws for non-compliance are adequate and strictly enforced.

VII. Freedom of association, social dialogue and role of employers’ and workers’ organizations

1. 31. Members should ensure that those in the informal economy enjoy freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, including the right to establish and, subject to the rules of the organization concerned, to join organizations, federations and confederations of their own choosing
2. 32. Members should create an enabling environment for employers and workers to exercise their right to organize and to bargain collectively and to participate in social dialogue in the transition to the formal economy
3. 33. Employers’ and workers’ organizations should, where appropriate, extend membership and services to workers and economic units in the informal economy
4. 34. In designing, implementing and evaluating policies and programmes of relevance to the informal economy, including its formalization, Members should consult with and promote active participation of the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, which should include in their rank, according to national practice, representatives of membership-based representative organizations of workers and economic units in the informal economy
5. 35. Members and employers’ and workers’ organizations may seek the assistance of the International Labour Office to strengthen the capacity of the representative employers’ and workers’ organizations and, where they exist, representative organizations of those in the informal economy, to assist workers and economic units in the informal economy, with a view to facilitating the transition to the formal economy

VIII. Data collection and monitoring

1. 36. Members should, in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, on a regular basis:
   • (a) where possible and as appropriate, collect, analyse and disseminate statistics disaggregated by sex, age, workplace, and other specific socio-economic characteristics on the size and composition of the informal economy, including the number of informal economic units, the number of workers employed and their sectors; and
   • (b) monitor and evaluate the progress towards formalization.
2. 37. In developing or revising the concepts, definitions and methodology used in the production of data, statistics and indicators on the informal economy, Members should take into consideration relevant guidance provided by the International Labour Organization, in particular and as appropriate, the guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment adopted by the 17th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2003 and their subsequent updates.

IX. Implementation

1. 38. Members should give effect to the provisions of this Recommendation, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, which should include in their rank, according to national practice, representatives of membership-based representative organizations of workers and economic units in the informal economy, by one or a combination of the following means, as appropriate;
   • (a) national laws and regulations;
   • (b) collective agreements;
   • (c) policies and programmes;
   • (d) effective coordination among government bodies and other stakeholders;
   • (e) institutional capacity building and resource mobilization; and
   • (f) other measures consistent with national law and practice.
2. 39. Members should review on a regular basis, as appropriate, the effectiveness of policies and measures to facilitate the transition to the formal economy, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, which should include in their rank, according to national practice, representatives of membership-based representative organizations of workers and economic units in the informal economy.
3. 40. In establishing, developing, implementing and periodically reviewing the measures taken to facilitate the transition to the formal economy, Members should take into account the guidance provided by the instruments of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations relevant to the informal economy listed in the Annex.
4. 41. Nothing in this Recommendation should be construed as reducing the protections afforded to those in the informal economy by other instruments of the International Labour Organization.
5. 42. The Annex may be revised by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. Any revised Annex so established, once approved by the Governing Body, shall replace the preceding annex and shall be communicated to the Members of the International Labour Organization.

Annex

Instruments of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations relevant to facilitating the transition from the informal to the formal economy

Instruments of the International Labour Organization

Fundamental Conventions

1. — Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930
2. — Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
3. — Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
4. — Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
5. — Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
6. — Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)
7. — Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
8. — Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

Governance Conventions

1. — Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81)
2. — Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122)
3. — Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129)
4. — Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144)

Other instruments

Freedom of association, collective bargaining and industrial relations

1. — Rural Workers’ Organisations Convention, 1975 (No. 141)
2. — Collective Bargaining Convention, 1981 (No. 154)

Equality of opportunity and treatment

1. — Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. 156)

Employment policy and promotion

1. — Employment Policy Recommendation, 1964 (No. 122)
2. — Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159)
3. — Employment Policy (Supplementary Provisions) Recommendation, 1984 (No. 169)
4. — Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181)
5. — Job Creation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Recommendation, 1998 (No. 189)
6. — Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No. 193)
7. — Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (No. 198)

Vocational guidance and training

1. — Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 (No. 142)
2. — Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004 (No. 195)

Wages

1. — Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention (No. 94) and Recommendation (No. 84), 1949
2. — Minimum Wage Fixing Convention (No. 131) and Recommendation (No. 135), 1970

Occupational safety and health

1. — Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155)
2. — Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention (No. 184) and Recommendation (No. 192), 2001
3. — Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187)

Social security

1. — Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)
2. — Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)

Maternity protection

1. — Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183)

Migrant workers

1. — Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 97)
2. — Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143)

HIV and AIDS

1. — HIV and AIDS Recommendation, 2010 (No. 200)

Indigenous and tribal peoples

1. — Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169)

Specific categories of workers

1. — Home Work Convention, 1996 (No. 177)
2. — Domestic Workers Convention (No. 189) and Recommendation (No. 201), 2011

Resolutions of the International Labour Conference

1. — Resolution and Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 96th Session (2007)
2. — Resolution and Conclusions concerning the youth employment crisis adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 101st Session (2012)
3. — Resolution and Conclusions concerning the second recurrent discussion on employment adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 103rd Session (2014)

United Nations instruments

1. — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
2. — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966
3. — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
4. — International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990

R205 - Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 106th Session on 5 June 2017, and

Reaffirming the principle in the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice, and

Recalling the Declaration of Philadelphia (1944), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up (1998) and the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008), and

Taking into account the need to revise the Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation, 1944 (No. 71), with a view to broadening its scope and providing up-to-date guidance on the role of employment and decent work in prevention, recovery, peace and resilience with respect to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters, and

Considering the impact and consequences of conflicts and disasters for poverty and development, human rights and dignity, decent work and sustainable enterprises, and

Recognizing the importance of employment and decent work for promoting peace, preventing crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters, enabling recovery and building resilience, and

Recognizing that the countries receiving refugees may not be in situations of conflicts and disasters, and

Emphasizing the need to ensure respect for all human rights and the rule of law, including respect for fundamental principles and rights at work and for international labour standards, in particular those rights and principles relevant to employment and decent work, and

Considering the need to recognize that crises affect women and men differently, and the critical importance of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in promoting peace, preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience, and

Recognizing the importance of developing responses, through social dialogue, to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations and, as appropriate, with relevant civil society organizations, and

Noting the importance of creating or restoring an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises, taking into account the resolution and Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 96th Session (2007), and in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises, to stimulate employment generation, economic recovery and development, and

Affirming the need to develop and strengthen measures of social protection, as a means of preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience, and

Recognizing the role of accessible and quality public services in economic recovery, development, reconstruction efforts, prevention and resilience, and

Stressing the need for international cooperation and partnerships among regional and international organizations to ensure joint and coordinated efforts, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to employment and decent work for peace and resilience, which is the fifth item on the agenda of the session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of a Recommendation,

adopts this sixteenth day of June of the year two thousand and seventeen the following Recommendation, which may be cited as the Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017:

I. Objectives and scope

1. 1. This Recommendation provides guidance to Members on the measures to be taken to generate employment and decent work for the purposes of prevention, recovery, peace and resilience with respect to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters.
2. 2. For the purposes of this Recommendation and based upon internationally agreed terminology:
   • (a) the term “disaster” means a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts; and
   • (b) the term “resilience” means the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management.
3. 3. For the purposes of this Recommendation, the term “crisis response” refers to all measures on employment and decent work taken in response to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters.
4. 4. This Recommendation applies to all workers and jobseekers, and to all employers, in all sectors of the economy affected by crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters.
5. 5. The references in this Recommendation to fundamental principles and rights at work, to safety and health and to working conditions apply also to workers engaged in crisis response, including in the immediate response. The references in this Recommendation to human rights and to safety and health apply equally to persons in volunteer work participating in crisis response.
6. 6. The provisions of this Recommendation are without prejudice to the rights and obligations of Members under international law, in particular international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international human rights law.

II. Guiding principles

1. 7. In taking measures on employment and decent work in response to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters, and with a view to prevention, Members should take into account the following:
   • (a) the promotion of full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work which are vital to promoting peace, preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience;
   • (b) the need to respect, promote and realize the fundamental principles and rights at work, other human rights and other relevant international labour standards, and to take into account other international instruments and documents, as appropriate and applicable;
   • (c) the importance of good governance and combating corruption and clientelism;
   • (d) the need to respect national laws and policies and use local knowledge, capacity and resources;
   • (e) the nature of the crisis and the extent of its impact on the capacity of governments, including regional and local government, employers’ and workers’ organizations, and other national and relevant institutions, to provide effective responses, with the necessary international cooperation and assistance, as required;
   • (f) the need to combat discrimination, prejudice and hatred on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction, social origin, disability, age or sexual orientation or any other grounds;
   • (g) the need to respect, promote and realize equality of opportunity and treatment for women and men without discrimination of any kind;
   • (h) the need to pay special attention to population groups and individuals who have been made particularly vulnerable by the crisis, including, but not limited to, children, young persons, persons belonging to minorities, indigenous and tribal peoples, persons with disabilities, internally displaced persons, migrants, refugees and other persons forcibly displaced across borders;
   • (i) the importance of identifying and monitoring any negative and unintended consequences and avoiding harmful spillover effects on individuals, communities, the environment and the economy;
   • (j) the need for a just transition towards an environmentally sustainable economy as a means for sustainable economic growth and social progress;
   • (k) the importance of social dialogue;
   • (l) the importance of national reconciliation, where applicable;
   • (m) the need for international solidarity, burden- and responsibility-sharing and cooperation in accordance with international law; and
   • (n) the need for close coordination and synergies between humanitarian and development assistance, including for the promotion of full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work and incomegeneration opportunities, avoiding the duplication of efforts and mandates.

III. Strategic approaches

1. 8. Members should adopt a phased multi-track approach implementing coherent and comprehensive strategies for promoting peace, preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience that include:
   • (a) stabilizing livelihoods and income through immediate social protection and employment measures;
   • (b) promoting local economic recovery for employment and decent work opportunities and socio-economic reintegration;
   • (c) promoting sustainable employment and decent work, social protection and social inclusion, sustainable development, the creation of sustainable enterprises, in particular small and medium-sized enterprises, the transition from the informal to the formal economy, a just transition towards an environmentally sustainable economy and access to public services;
   • (d) ensuring consultation and encouraging active participation of employers’ and workers’ organizations in planning, implementing and monitoring measures for recovery and resilience, taking into account, as appropriate, the views of the relevant civil society organizations;
   • (e) conducting employment impact assessments of national recovery programmes implemented through public and private investment in order to promote full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work for all women and men, in particular for young persons and persons with disabilities;
   • (f) providing guidance and support to employers to enable them to take effective measures to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address the risks of adverse impacts on human and labour rights in their operations, or in products, services or operations to which they may be directly linked;
   • (g) applying a gender perspective in all crisis prevention and response design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation activities;
   • (h) creating economic, social and legal frameworks at the national level to encourage lasting and sustainable peace and development, while respecting rights at work;
   • (i) promoting social dialogue and collective bargaining;
   • (j) building or restoring labour market institutions, including employment services, for stabilization and recovery;
   • (k) developing the capacity of governments, including regional and local authorities, and of employers’ and workers’ organizations; and
   • (l) taking measures, as appropriate, for the socio-economic reintegration of persons who have been affected by a crisis, in particular those formerly associated with armed forces and groups, including through training programmes that aim to improve their employability.
2. 9. Crisis response in the immediate aftermath of a conflict or disaster should include, as appropriate:
   • (a) a coordinated and inclusive needs assessment with a clear gender perspective;
   • (b) an urgent response to satisfy basic needs and provide services, including social protection, support to livelihoods, immediate employment measures and income-generation opportunities for population groups and individuals who have been made particularly vulnerable by the crisis;
   • (c) assistance, provided to the extent possible by public authorities with the support of the international community, engaging social partners and, where appropriate, relevant civil society and community-based organizations;
   • (d) safe and decent working conditions, including the provision of personal protective equipment and medical assistance for all workers, including those engaged in rescue and rehabilitation activities; and
   • (e) the re-establishment, whenever necessary, of government institutions and of employers’ and workers’ organizations, as well as of relevant civil society organizations.

IV. Employment and income-generation opportunities

1. 10. In enabling recovery and building resilience, Members should adopt and implement a comprehensive and sustainable employment strategy to promote full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work for women and men, taking into account the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), and guidance provided in relevant resolutions of the International Labour Conference.
2. 11. Members should, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations, adopt inclusive measures in order to promote full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work and income-generation opportunities through, as appropriate:
   • (a) employment-intensive investment strategies and programmes, including public employment programmes;
   • (b) local economic recovery and development initiatives, with a special focus on livelihoods in both rural and urban areas;
   • (c) the creation or restoration of an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises, including the promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises as well as of cooperatives and other social economy initiatives, with particular emphasis on initiatives to facilitate access to finance;
   • (d) supporting sustainable enterprises to ensure business continuity in order to maintain and expand the level of employment and enable the creation of new jobs and income-generation opportunities;
   • (e) facilitating a just transition towards an environmentally sustainable economy as a means for sustainable economic growth and social progress, and for creating new jobs and income-generation opportunities;
   • (f) supporting social protection and employment and respecting, promoting and realizing the fundamental principles and rights at work of those in the informal economy and encouraging the transition of workers and economic units in the informal economy to the formal economy, taking into account the Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204);
   • (g) supporting the public sector and promoting socially, economically and environmentally responsible public–private partnerships and other mechanisms for skills and capacity development and employment generation;
   • (h) creating incentives for multinational enterprises to cooperate with national enterprises in order to create productive, freely chosen employment and decent work and to undertake human rights due diligence with a view to ensuring respect for human and labour rights, taking into account the Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy; and
   • (i) facilitating the employment of persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups, as appropriate.
3. 12. Members should develop and apply active labour market policies and programmes with a particular focus on disadvantaged and marginalized groups and population groups and individuals who have been made particularly vulnerable by a crisis, including, but not limited to, persons with disabilities, internally displaced persons, migrants and refugees, as appropriate and in accordance with national laws and regulations.
4. 13. In responding to crisis situations, Members should seek to provide income-generation opportunities, stable employment and decent work for young women and men, including through:
   • (a) integrated training, employment and labour market programmes that address the specific situations of young persons entering the world of work; and
   • (b) specific youth employment components in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes that incorporate psychosocial counselling and other interventions to address anti-social behaviour and violence, with a view to reintegration into civilian life.
5. 14. In the event of a crisis resulting in large numbers of internally displaced persons, Members should:
   • (a) support the livelihoods, training and employment of internally displaced persons, with a view to promoting their socio-economic and labour market integration;
   • (b) build resilience and strengthen the capacity of host communities to promote decent employment opportunities for all, with a view to ensuring that the livelihoods and employment of local populations are maintained and their ability to host internally displaced persons is strengthened; and
   • (c) facilitate the voluntary return of internally displaced persons to their places of origin and their reintegration into labour markets when the situation allows it.

V. Rights, equality and non-discrimination

1. 15. In responding to discrimination arising from or exacerbated by conflicts or disasters and when taking measures for promoting peace, preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience, Members should:
   • (a) respect, promote and realize equality of opportunity and treatment for women and men without discrimination of any kind, taking into account the Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100) and Recommendation (No. 90), 1951, and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No. 111) and Recommendation (No. 111), 1958;
   • (b) pay special attention to single-headed households, in particular when they are headed by children, women, persons with disabilities or elderly persons;
   • (c) take measures to ensure that women who have been employed during a crisis and have assumed expanded responsibilities are not replaced against their will when the male workforce returns;
   • (d) take measures to ensure that women are empowered to effectively and meaningfully participate in decision-making processes in the context of recovery and building resilience, and that their needs and interests are prioritized in strategies and responses, and that the human rights of women and girls are promoted and protected;
   • (e) prevent and punish all forms of gender-based violence, including rape, sexual exploitation and harassment, and protect and support victims;
   • (f) pay particular attention to establishing or restoring conditions of stability and socio-economic development for population groups that have been particularly affected by a crisis, including, but not limited to, persons belonging to minorities, indigenous and tribal peoples, internally displaced persons, persons with disabilities, migrants and refugees, taking into account the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No. 111) and Recommendation (No. 111), 1958, as well as other relevant international labour standards and other international instruments and documents, as applicable;
   • (g) ensure that persons belonging to minorities concerned, and indigenous and tribal peoples are consulted, in particular through their representative institutions, where they exist, and participate directly in the decision-making process, especially if the territories inhabited or used by indigenous and tribal peoples and their environment are affected by a crisis and related recovery and stability measures;
   • (h) ensure, in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, that persons with disabilities, including those who acquired a disability as a result of conflict or disaster, are provided with opportunities for rehabilitation, education, specialized vocational guidance, training and retraining, and employment, taking into account relevant international labour standards and other international instruments and documents; and
   • (i) ensure that the human rights of all migrants and members of their families staying in a country affected by a crisis are respected on a basis of equality with those of national populations, taking into account relevant national provisions, as well as relevant international labour standards and other international instruments and documents, as applicable.
2. 16. In combating child labour arising from or exacerbated by conflicts or disasters, Members should:
   • (a) take all necessary measures to prevent, identify and eliminate child labour in crisis responses, taking into account the Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and Recommendation (No. 146), 1973;
   • (b) take urgent action to prevent, identify and eliminate the worst forms of child labour, including the trafficking of children and the recruitment of children for use in armed conflict, taking into account the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) and Recommendation (No. 190), 1999;
   • (c) provide rehabilitation, social integration and training programmes for children and young persons formerly associated with armed forces and groups to help them readjust to civilian life; and
   • (d) ensure the provision of social protection services to protect children, for instance through cash or in-kind transfers.
3. 17. In combating forced or compulsory labour arising from or exacerbated by conflicts or disasters, Members should take urgent action to prevent, identify and eliminate all forms of forced or compulsory labour, including trafficking in persons for purposes of forced or compulsory labour, taking into account the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) and its Protocol of 2014, the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105), and the Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation, 2014 (No. 203).

VI. Education, vocational training and guidance

1. 18. In preventing and responding to crisis situations, and on the basis of the principle of equal opportunity and treatment for women and men, girls and boys, Members should ensure that:
   • (a) the provision of education is not disrupted, or is restored as quickly as possible, and that children, including those who are internally displaced, migrants or refugees, have access to free, quality, public education, including with the support of international aid, in accordance with relevant international law and without discrimination of any kind at all stages of crisis and recovery; and
   • (b) second chance programmes for children and young persons are available and address key needs arising from any interruption of their education and training.
2. 19. In preventing and responding to crisis situations, Members should, where appropriate:
   • (a) formulate or adapt a national education, training, retraining and vocational guidance programme that assesses and responds to emerging skills needs for recovery and reconstruction, in consultation with education and training institutions and employers’ and workers’ organizations, engaging fully all relevant public and private stakeholders;
   • (b) adapt curricula and train teachers and instructors to promote:
     • (i) peaceful coexistence and reconciliation for peacebuilding and resilience; and
     • (ii) disaster risk education, reduction, awareness and management for recovery, reconstruction and resilience;
   • (c) coordinate education, training and retraining services at national, regional and local levels, including higher education, apprenticeship, vocational training and entrepreneurship training, and enable women and men whose education and training have been prevented or interrupted to enter or resume and complete their education and training;
   • (d) extend and adapt training and retraining programmes to meet the needs of all persons whose employment has been interrupted; and
   • (e) give special attention to the training and economic empowerment of affected populations, including in rural areas and in the informal economy.
3. 20. Members should ensure that women and girls have access, on the basis of equal opportunity and treatment, to all education and training programmes developed for recovery and resilience.

VII. Social protection

1. 21. In responding to crisis situations, Members should, as quickly as possible:
   • (a) seek to ensure basic income security, in particular for persons whose jobs or livelihoods have been disrupted by the crisis;
   • (b) develop, restore or enhance comprehensive social security schemes and other social protection mechanisms, taking into account national legislation and international agreements; and
   • (c) seek to ensure effective access to essential health care and other basic social services, in particular for population groups and individuals who have been made particularly vulnerable by the crisis.
2. 22. In order to prevent crises, enable recovery and build resilience, Members should establish, re-establish or maintain social protection floors, as well as seek to close the gaps in their coverage, taking into account the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202), and other relevant international labour standards.

VIII. Labour law, labour administration and labour market information

1. 23. In recovering from crisis situations, Members should, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations:
   • (a) review, establish, re-establish or reinforce labour legislation, if necessary, including provisions on labour protection and occupational safety and health at work, consistent with the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up (1998) and applicable international labour standards;
   • (b) ensure that labour laws support the generation of productive, freely chosen employment and decent work opportunities;
   • (c) establish, re-establish or reinforce, as necessary, the system of labour administration, including labour inspection and other competent institutions, taking into account the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81), as well as the system of collective bargaining and collective agreements, taking into account the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98);
   • (d) establish, restore or enhance, as necessary, systems for the collection and analysis of labour market information, focusing in particular on population groups most affected by the crisis;
   • (e) establish or restore and strengthen public employment services, including emergency employment services;
   • (f) ensure the regulation of private employment agencies, taking into account the Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181); and
   • (g) promote synergies among all labour market actors to enable local populations to obtain the maximum benefit from employment opportunities generated by investments related to the promotion of peace and recovery.

IX. Social dialogue and role of employers' and workers' organizations

1. 24. In responding to crisis situations, Members should, in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations:
   • (a) ensure that all measures provided for in this Recommendation are developed or promoted through gender-inclusive social dialogue, taking into account the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144);
   • (b) create an enabling environment for the establishment, restoration or strengthening of employers’ and workers’ organizations; and
   • (c) encourage, where appropriate, close cooperation with civil society organizations.
2. 25. Members should recognize the vital role of employers’ and workers’ organizations in crisis response, taking into account the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98), and in particular:
   • (a) assist sustainable enterprises, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, to undertake business continuity planning to recover from crises by means of training, advice and material support, and facilitate access to finance;
   • (b) assist workers, in particular those who have been made vulnerable by the crisis, to recover from the crisis through training, advice and material support; and
   • (c) take measures for these purposes through the collective bargaining process as well as by other methods of social dialogue.

X. Migrants affected by crisis situations

1. 26. Taking into account that special attention should be given to migrants, especially migrant workers, who have been made particularly vulnerable by crisis, Members should take measures, in accordance with national law and applicable international law, to:
   • (a) eliminate forced or compulsory labour, including trafficking in persons;
   • (b) promote, as appropriate, the inclusion of migrants in host societies, through access to labour markets, including entrepreneurship and income-generation opportunities, and through decent work;
   • (c) protect and seek to ensure labour rights and a safe environment for migrant workers, including those in precarious employment, women migrant workers, youth migrant workers and migrant workers with disabilities, in all sectors;
   • (d) give due consideration to migrant workers and their families in shaping labour policies and programmes dealing with responses to conflicts and disasters, as appropriate; and
   • (e) facilitate the voluntary return of migrants and their families in conditions of safety and dignity.
2. 27. Consistent with the guidance provided in Parts V, VIII and IX, Members should promote equality of opportunity and treatment for all migrant workers with regard to fundamental principles and rights at work, and coverage under relevant national labour laws and regulations, and in particular:
   • (a) educate migrants about their labour rights and protections, including by providing information on the rights and obligations of workers and the means of redress for violations, in a language they understand;
   • (b) enable the participation of migrants in representative organizations of employers and workers;
   • (c) adopt measures and facilitate campaigns that combat discrimination and xenophobia in the workplace and highlight the positive contributions of migrants, with the active engagement of employers’ and workers’ organizations and of civil society; and
   • (d) consult and engage employers’ and workers’ organizations and, as appropriate, other relevant civil society organizations, with respect to employment of migrants.

XI. Refugees and returnees

Refugee access to labour markets

1. 28. Any measures taken under this Part, in the event of refugee influx, are contingent on:
   • (a) national and regional circumstances, taking into account applicable international law, fundamental principles and rights at work and national legislation; and
   • (b) Members’ challenges and constraints in terms of their resources and capacity to respond effectively, taking into account needs as well as priorities expressed by the most representative organizations of employers and workers.
2. 29. Members should acknowledge the vital importance of equitable burden- and responsibility-sharing. They should reinforce international cooperation and solidarity so as to provide predictable, sustainable and adequate humanitarian and development assistance to support the least developed and developing countries hosting large numbers of refugees, including in terms of addressing the implications for their labour markets and ensuring their continued development.
3. 30. Members should take measures, as appropriate, to:
   • (a) foster self-reliance by expanding opportunities for refugees to access livelihood opportunities and labour markets, without discriminating among refugees and in a manner which also supports host communities; and
   • (b) formulate national policy and national action plans, involving competent authorities responsible for employment and labour and in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, to ensure the protection of refugees in the labour market, including with regard to access to decent work and livelihood opportunities.
4. 31. Members should collect reliable information to assess the impact of refugees on labour markets and the needs of the existing labour force and of employers, in order to optimize the use of skills and human capital that refugees represent.
5. 32. Members should build the resilience and strengthen the capacity of host communities by investing in local economies and promoting full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work, and skills development of the local population.
6. 33. Consistent with the guidance provided in Parts IV, VI and VII, Members should include refugees in the actions taken with respect to employment, training and labour market access, as appropriate, and in particular:
   • (a) promote their access to technical and vocational training, in particular through ILO and relevant stakeholder programmes, in order to enhance their skills and enable them to undergo further retraining, taking into account possible voluntary repatriation;
   • (b) promote their access to formal job opportunities, income-generation schemes and entrepreneurship, by providing vocational training and guidance, job placement assistance, and access to work permits, as appropriate, thereby preventing informalization of labour markets in host communities;
   • (c) facilitate the recognition, certification, accreditation and use of skills and qualifications of refugees through appropriate mechanisms, and provide access to tailored training and retraining opportunities, including intensive language training;
   • (d) enhance the capacity of public employment services and improve cooperation with other providers of services, including private employment agencies, to support the access of refugees to the labour market;
   • (e) make specific efforts to support the inclusion in labour markets of refugee women, young persons and others who are in a situation of vulnerability; and
   • (f) facilitate, as appropriate, the portability of work-related and social security benefit entitlements, including pensions, in accordance with the national provisions of the host country.
7. 34. Consistent with the guidance provided in Parts V, VIII and IX, Members should promote equality of opportunity and treatment for refugees with regard to fundamental principles and rights at work and coverage under relevant labour laws and regulations, and in particular:
   • (a) educate refugees about their labour rights and protections, including by providing information on the rights and obligations of workers and the means of redress for violations, in a language they understand;
   • (b) enable the participation of refugees in representative organizations of employers and workers; and
   • (c) adopt appropriate measures, including legislative measures and campaigns, that combat discrimination and xenophobia in the workplace and highlight the positive contributions of refugees, with the active engagement of employers’ and workers’ organizations and of civil society.
8. 35. Members should consult and engage employers’ and workers’ organizations and other relevant stakeholders with respect to the access of refugees to labour markets.
9. 36. Members should support host countries to strengthen their capacity and build resilience, including through development assistance, by investing in local communities.

Voluntary repatriation and reintegration of returnees

1. 37. When the security situation in the country of origin of refugees has improved sufficiently, Members should collaborate to facilitate the voluntary repatriation of refugees in conditions of safety and dignity, and to support their labour market reintegration, including with the assistance of international organizations.
2. 38. Members should collaborate with the ILO and relevant stakeholders to develop specific programmes for returnees to facilitate their vocational training and reintegration in the labour market.
3. 39. Members should collaborate, including with the assistance of relevant international organizations, to support the socio-economic integration of returnees in their countries of origin, through measures set out in Parts IV to IX, as appropriate, in a manner which supports the economic and social development of local populations.
4. 40. Taking into account the principle of burden- and responsibilitysharing, Members should support countries of origin to strengthen their capacity and build resilience, including through development assistance, by investing in local communities in which returnees are reintegrated and by promoting full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work.

XII. Prevention, mitigation and preparedness

1. 41. Members should take measures, in particular in countries in which there are foreseeable risks of conflict or disaster, to build resilience, in consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other stakeholders, to prevent, mitigate and prepare for crises in ways that support economic and social development and decent work, through actions such as:
   • (a) identification of risks and evaluation of threats to and vulnerabilities of human, physical, economic, environmental, institutional and social capital at local, national and regional levels;
   • (b) risk management, including contingency planning, early warning, risk reduction and emergency response preparedness; and
   • (c) prevention and mitigation of adverse effects, including through business continuity management in both the public and the private sector, taking into account the Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up (1998).

XIII. International cooperation

1. 42. In preparing for and responding to crisis situations, Members should strengthen cooperation and take appropriate steps through bilateral or multilateral arrangements, including through the United Nations system, international financial institutions and other regional or international mechanisms of coordinated response. Members should make full use of existing arrangements and established institutions and mechanisms and strengthen them, as appropriate.
2. 43. Crisis responses, including support by regional and international organizations, should provide for a central focus on employment, decent work and sustainable enterprises, and should be consistent with applicable international labour standards.
3. 44. Members should cooperate to promote development assistance and public and private sector investment in crisis response for the creation of decent and productive jobs, business development and self-employment.
4. 45. International organizations should reinforce their cooperation and the coherence of their crisis responses within their respective mandates, making full use of relevant international policy frameworks and arrangements.
5. 46. The ILO should play a leading role in assisting Members to provide crisis responses based on employment and decent work and focusing on employment promotion, labour market integration or access, as appropriate, capacity development and institution building, in close cooperation with regional and international institutions.
6. 47. Members should strengthen international cooperation, including through the voluntary and systematic exchange of information, knowledge, good practices and technology for promoting peace, preventing and mitigating crises, enabling recovery and building resilience.
7. 48. There should be close coordination of and complementarity among crisis responses, as appropriate, in particular between humanitarian and development assistance, for the promotion of full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work for peace and resilience.

XIV. Final provision

1. 49. This Recommendation supersedes the Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation, 1944 (No. 71).