C183 - Maternity Protection Convention, 2000

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 88th Session on 30 May 2000, and

Noting the need to revise the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952, and the Maternity Protection Recommendation, 1952, in order to further promote equality of all women in the workforce and the health and safety of the mother and child, and in order to recognize the diversity in economic and social development of Members, as well as the diversity of enterprises, and the development of the protection of maternity in national law and practice, and

Noting the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Equality of Opportunity and Treatment for Women Workers (1975), the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up (1998), as well as the international labour Conventions and Recommendations aimed at ensuring equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women workers, in particular the Convention concerning Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981, and

Taking into account the circumstances of women workers and the need to provide protection for pregnancy, which are the shared responsibility of government and society, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the revision of the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952, and Recommendation, 1952, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;

adopts this fifteenth day of June of the year two thousand the following Convention, which may be cited as the Maternity Protection Convention, 2000.

SCOPE

Article 1

For the purposes of this Convention, the term woman applies to any female person without discrimination whatsoever and the term child applies to any child without discrimination whatsoever.

Article 2

1. 1. This Convention applies to all employed women, including those in atypical forms of dependent work.
2. 2. However, each Member which ratifies this Convention may, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned, exclude wholly or partly from the scope of the Convention limited categories of workers when its application to them would raise special problems of a substantial nature.
3. 3. Each Member which avails itself of the possibility afforded in the preceding paragraph shall, in its first report on the application of the Convention under article 22 of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization, list the categories of workers thus excluded and the reasons for their exclusion. In its subsequent reports, the Member shall describe the measures taken with a view to progressively extending the provisions of the Convention to these categories.

HEALTH PROTECTION

Article 3

Each Member shall, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers, adopt appropriate measures to ensure that pregnant or breastfeeding women are not obliged to perform work which has been determined by the competent authority to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child, or where an assessment has established a significant risk to the mother's health or that of her child.

MATERNITY LEAVE

Article 4

1. 1. On production of a medical certificate or other appropriate certification, as determined by national law and practice, stating the presumed date of childbirth, a woman to whom this Convention applies shall be entitled to a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 weeks.
2. 2. The length of the period of leave referred to above shall be specified by each Member in a declaration accompanying its ratification of this Convention.
3. 3. Each Member may subsequently deposit with the Director-General of the International Labour Office a further declaration extending the period of maternity leave.
4. 4. With due regard to the protection of the health of the mother and that of the child, maternity leave shall include a period of six weeks' compulsory leave after childbirth, unless otherwise agreed at the national level by the government and the representative organizations of employers and workers.
5. 5. The prenatal portion of maternity leave shall be extended by any period elapsing between the presumed date of childbirth and the actual date of childbirth, without reduction in any compulsory portion of postnatal leave.

LEAVE IN CASE OF ILLNESS OR COMPLICATIONS

Article 5

On production of a medical certificate, leave shall be provided before or after the maternity leave period in the case of illness, complications or risk of complications arising out of pregnancy or childbirth. The nature and the maximum duration of such leave may be specified in accordance with national law and practice.

BENEFITS

Article 6

1. 1. Cash benefits shall be provided, in accordance with national laws and regulations, or in any other manner consistent with national practice, to women who are absent from work on leave referred to in Articles 4 or 5.
2. 2. Cash benefits shall be at a level which ensures that the woman can maintain herself and her child in proper conditions of health and with a suitable standard of living.
3. 3. Where, under national law or practice, cash benefits paid with respect to leave referred to in Article 4 are based on previous earnings, the amount of such benefits shall not be less than two-thirds of the woman's previous earnings or of such of those earnings as are taken into account for the purpose of computing benefits.
4. 4. Where, under national law or practice, other methods are used to determine the cash benefits paid with respect to leave referred to in Article 4, the amount of such benefits shall be comparable to the amount resulting on average from the application of the preceding paragraph.
5. 5. Each Member shall ensure that the conditions to qualify for cash benefits can be satisfied by a large majority of the women to whom this Convention applies.
6. 6. Where a woman does not meet the conditions to qualify for cash benefits under national laws and regulations or in any other manner consistent with national practice, she shall be entitled to adequate benefits out of social assistance funds, subject to the means test required for such assistance.
7. 7. Medical benefits shall be provided for the woman and her child in accordance with national laws and regulations or in any other manner consistent with national practice. Medical benefits shall include prenatal, childbirth and postnatal care, as well as hospitalization care when necessary.
8. 8. In order to protect the situation of women in the labour market, benefits in respect of the leave referred to in Articles 4 and 5 shall be provided through compulsory social insurance or public funds, or in a manner determined by national law and practice. An employer shall not be individually liable for the direct cost of any such monetary benefit to a woman employed by him or her without that employer's specific agreement except where::
   • (a) such is provided for in national law or practice in a member State prior to the date of adoption of this Convention by the International Labour Conference; or
   • (b) it is subsequently agreed at the national level by the government and the representative organizations of employers and workers.

Article 7

1. 1. A Member whose economy and social security system are insufficiently developed shall be deemed to be in compliance with Article 6, paragraphs 3 and 4, if cash benefits are provided at a rate no lower than a rate payable for sickness or temporary disability in accordance with national laws and regulations.
2. 2. A Member which avails itself of the possibility afforded in the preceding paragraph shall, in its first report on the application of this Convention under article 22 of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization, explain the reasons therefor and indicate the rate at which cash benefits are provided. In its subsequent reports, the Member shall describe the measures taken with a view to progressively raising the rate of benefits.

EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION AND NON-DISCRIMINATION

Article 8

1. 1. It shall be unlawful for an employer to terminate the employment of a woman during her pregnancy or absence on leave referred to in Articles 4 or 5 or during a period following her return to work to be prescribed by national laws or regulations, except on grounds unrelated to the pregnancy or birth of the child and its consequences or nursing. The burden of proving that the reasons for dismissal are unrelated to pregnancy or childbirth and its consequences or nursing shall rest on the employer.
2. 2. A woman is guaranteed the right to return to the same position or an equivalent position paid at the same rate at the end of her maternity leave.

Article 9

1. 1. Each Member shall adopt appropriate measures to ensure that maternity does not constitute a source of discrimination in employment, including - notwithstanding Article 2, paragraph 1 - access to employment.
2. 2. Measures referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include a prohibition from requiring a test for pregnancy or a certificate of such a test when a woman is applying for employment, except where required by national laws or regulations in respect of work that is:
   • (a) prohibited or restricted for pregnant or nursing women under national laws or regulations; or
   • (b) where there is a recognized or significant risk to the health of the woman and child.

BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS

Article 10

1. 1. A woman shall be provided with the right to one or more daily breaks or a daily reduction of hours of work to breastfeed her child.
2. 2. The period during which nursing breaks or the reduction of daily hours of work are allowed, their number, the duration of nursing breaks and the procedures for the reduction of daily hours of work shall be determined by national law and practice. These breaks or the reduction of daily hours of work shall be counted as working time and remunerated accordingly.

PERIODIC REVIEW

Article 11

Each Member shall examine periodically, in consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers, the appropriateness of extending the period of leave referred to in Article 4 or of increasing the amount or the rate of the cash benefits referred to in Article 6.

IMPLEMENTATION

Article 12

This Convention shall be implemented by means of laws or regulations, except in so far as effect is given to it by other means such as collective agreements, arbitration awards, court decisions, or in any other manner consistent with national practice.

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 13

This Convention revises the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952.

Article 14

The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.

Article 15

1. 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
2. 2. It shall come into force 12 months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member 12 months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.

Article 16

1. 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.

Article 17

1. 1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of the registration of all ratifications and acts of denunciation communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. 2. When notifying the Members of the Organization of the registration of the second ratification, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the date upon which the Convention shall come into force.

Article 18

The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary- General of the United Nations, for registration in accordance with article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.

Article 19

At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.

Article 20

1. 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides:
   • (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 16 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
   • (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.

Article 21

The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.

C184 - Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 89th Session on 5 June 2001, and

Noting the principles embodied in the relevant international labour Conventions and Recommendations, in particular the Plantations Convention and Recommendation, 1958, the Employment Injury Benefits Convention and Recommendation, 1964, the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention and Recommendation, 1969, the Occupational Safety and Health Convention and Recommendation, 1981, the Occupational Health Services Convention and Recommendation, 1985, and the Chemicals Convention and Recommendation, 1990, and

Stressing the need for a coherent approach to agriculture and taking into consideration the wider framework of the principles embodied in other ILO instruments applicable to the sector, in particular the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, the Minimum Age Convention, 1973, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999, and

Noting the Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy as well as the relevant codes of practice, in particular the code of practice on recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases, 1996, and the code of practice on safety and health in forestry work, 1998, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to safety and health in agriculture, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;

adopts this twenty-first day of June of the year two thousand and one the following Convention, which may be cited as the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001.

I. SCOPE

Article 1

For the purpose of this Convention the term agriculture covers agricultural and forestry activities carried out in agricultural undertakings including crop production, forestry activities, animal husbandry and insect raising, the primary processing of agricultural and animal products by or on behalf of the operator of the undertaking as well as the use and maintenance of machinery, equipment, appliances, tools, and agricultural installations, including any process, storage, operation or transportation in an agricultural undertaking, which are directly related to agricultural production.

Article 2

For the purpose of this Convention the term agriculture does not cover:

• (a) subsistence farming;
• (b) industrial processes that use agricultural products as raw material and the related services; and
• (c) the industrial exploitation of forests.

Article 3

1. 1. The competent authority of a Member which ratifies the Convention, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned:
   • (a) may exclude certain agricultural undertakings or limited categories of workers from the application of this Convention or certain provisions thereof, when special problems of a substantial nature arise; and
   • (b) shall, in the case of such exclusions, make plans to cover progressively all undertakings and all categories of workers.
2. 2. Each Member shall list, in the first report on the application of the Convention submitted under article 22 of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization, any exclusions made in pursuance of paragraph 1(a) of this Article giving the reasons for such exclusion. In subsequent reports, it shall describe the measures taken with a view to extending progressively the provisions of the Convention to the workers concerned.

II. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 4

1. 1. In the light of national conditions and practice and after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned, Members shall formulate, carry out and periodically review a coherent national policy on safety and health in agriculture. This policy shall have the aim of preventing accidents and injury to health arising out of, linked with, or occurring in the course of work, by eliminating, minimizing or controlling hazards in the agricultural working environment.
2. 2. To this end, national laws and regulations shall:
   • (a) designate the competent authority responsible for the implementation of the policy and for the enforcement of national laws and regulations on occupational safety and health in agriculture;
   • (b) specify the rights and duties of employers and workers with respect to occupational safety and health in agriculture; and
   • (c) establish mechanisms of inter-sectoral coordination among relevant authorities and bodies for the agricultural sector and define their functions and responsibilities, taking into account their complementarity and national conditions and practices.
3. 3. The designated competent authority shall provide for corrective measures and appropriate penalties in accordance with national laws and regulations, including, where appropriate, the suspension or restriction of those agricultural activities which pose an imminent risk to the safety and health of workers, until the conditions giving rise to the suspension or restriction have been corrected.

Article 5

1. 1. Members shall ensure that an adequate and appropriate system of inspection for agricultural workplaces is in place and is provided with adequate means.
2. 2. In accordance with national legislation, the competent authority may entrust certain inspection functions at the regional or local level, on an auxiliary basis, to appropriate government services, public institutions, or private institutions under government control, or may associate these services or institutions with the exercise of such functions.

III. PREVENTIVE AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES

GENERAL

Article 6

1. 1. In so far as is compatible with national laws and regulations, the employer shall have a duty to ensure the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work.
2. 2. National laws and regulations or the competent authority shall provide that whenever in an agricultural workplace two or more employers undertake activities, or whenever one or more employers and one or more self-employed persons undertake activities, they shall cooperate in applying the safety and health requirements. Where appropriate, the competent authority shall prescribe general procedures for this collaboration.

Article 7

In order to comply with the national policy referred to in Article 4 of the Convention, national laws and regulations or the competent authority shall provide, taking into account the size of the undertaking and the nature of its activity, that the employer shall:

• (a) carry out appropriate risk assessments in relation to the safety and health of workers and, on the basis of these results, adopt preventive and protective measures to ensure that under all conditions of their intended use, all agricultural activities, workplaces, machinery, equipment, chemicals, tools and processes under the control of the employer are safe and comply with prescribed safety and health standards;
• (b) ensure that adequate and appropriate training and comprehensible instructions on safety and health and any necessary guidance or supervision are provided to workers in agriculture, including information on the hazards and risks associated with their work and the action to be taken for their protection, taking into account their level of education and differences in language; and
• (c) take immediate steps to stop any operation where there is an imminent and serious danger to safety and health and to evacuate workers as appropriate.

Article 8

1. 1. Workers in agriculture shall have the right:
   • (a) to be informed and consulted on safety and health matters including risks from new technologies;
   • (b) to participate in the application and review of safety and health measures and, in accordance with national law and practice, to select safety and health representatives and representatives in safety and health committees; and
   • (c) to remove themselves from danger resulting from their work activity when they have reasonable justification to believe there is an imminent and serious risk to their safety and health and so inform their supervisor immediately. They shall not be placed at any disadvantage as a result of these actions.
2. 2. Workers in agriculture and their representatives shall have the duty to comply with the prescribed safety and health measures and to cooperate with employers in order for the latter to comply with their own duties and responsibilities.
3. 3. The procedures for the exercise of the rights and duties referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be established by national laws and regulations, the competent authority, collective agreements or other appropriate means.
4. 4. Where the provisions of this Convention are implemented as provided for by paragraph 3, there shall be prior consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned.

MACHINERY SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS

Article 9

1. 1. National laws and regulations or the competent authority shall prescribe that machinery, equipment, including personal protective equipment, appliances and hand tools used in agriculture comply with national or other recognized safety and health standards and be appropriately installed, maintained and safeguarded.
2. 2. The competent authority shall take measures to ensure that manufacturers, importers and suppliers comply with the standards referred to in paragraph 1 and provide adequate and appropriate information, including hazard warning signs, in the official language or languages of the user country, to the users and, on request, to the competent authority.
3. 3. Employers shall ensure that workers receive and understand the safety and health information supplied by manufacturers, importers and suppliers.

Article 10

National laws and regulations shall prescribe that agricultural machinery and equipment shall:

• (a) only be used for work for which they are designed, unless a use outside of the initial design purpose has been assessed as safe in accordance with national law and practice and, in particular, shall not be used for human transportation, unless designed or adapted so as to carry persons; and
• (b) be operated by trained and competent persons, in accordance with national law and practice.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS

Article 11

1. 1. The competent authority, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned, shall establish safety and health requirements for the handling and transport of materials, particularly on manual handling. Such requirements shall be based on risk assessment, technical standards and medical opinion, taking account of all the relevant conditions under which the work is performed in accordance with national law and practice.
2. 2. Workers shall not be required or permitted to engage in the manual handling or transport of a load which by reason of its weight or nature is likely to jeopardize their safety or health.

SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS

Article 12

The competent authority shall take measures, in accordance with national law and practice, to ensure that:

• (a) there is an appropriate national system or any other system approved by the competent authority establishing specific criteria for the importation, classification, packaging and labelling of chemicals used in agriculture and for their banning or restriction;
• (b) those who produce, import, provide, sell, transfer, store or dispose of chemicals used in agriculture comply with national or other recognized safety and health standards, and provide adequate and appropriate information to the users in the appropriate official language or languages of the country and, on request, to the competent authority; and
• (c) there is a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and disposal of chemical waste, obsolete chemicals and empty containers of chemicals so as to avoid their use for other purposes and to eliminate or minimize the risks to safety and health and to the environment.

Article 13

1. 1. National laws and regulations or the competent authority shall ensure that there are preventive and protective measures for the use of chemicals and handling of chemical waste at the level of the undertaking.
2. 2. These measures shall cover, inter alia:
   • (a) the preparation, handling, application, storage and transportation of chemicals;
   • (b) agricultural activities leading to the dispersion of chemicals;
   • (c) the maintenance, repair and cleaning of equipment and containers for chemicals; and
   • (d) the disposal of empty containers and the treatment and disposal of chemical waste and obsolete chemicals.

Article 14

National laws and regulations shall ensure that risks such as those of infection, allergy or poisoning are prevented or kept to a minimum when biological agents are handled, and activities involving animals, livestock and stabling areas, comply with national or other recognized health and safety standards.

AGRICULTURAL INSTALLATIONS

Article 15

The construction, maintenance and repairing of agricultural installations shall be in conformity with national laws, regulations and safety and health requirements.

IV. OTHER PROVISIONS

YOUNG WORKERS AND HAZARDOUS WORK

Article 16

1. 1. The minimum age for assignment to work in agriculture which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to harm the safety and health of young persons shall not be less than 18 years.
2. 2. The types of employment or work to which paragraph 1 applies shall be determined by national laws and regulations or by the competent authority, after consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned.
3. 3. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, national laws or regulations or the competent authority may, after consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned, authorize the performance of work referred to in that paragraph as from 16 years of age on condition that appropriate prior training is given and the safety and health of the young workers are fully protected.

TEMPORARY AND SEASONAL WORKERS

Article 17

Measures shall be taken to ensure that temporary and seasonal workers receive the same safety and health protection as that accorded to comparable permanent workers in agriculture.

WOMEN WORKERS

Article 18

Measures shall be taken to ensure that the special needs of women agricultural workers are taken into account in relation to pregnancy, breastfeeding and reproductive health.

WELFARE AND ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES

Article 19

National laws and regulations or the competent authority shall prescribe, after consultation with the representative organizations of employers and workers concerned:

• (a) the provision of adequate welfare facilities at no cost to the worker; and
• (b) the minimum accommodation standards for workers who are required by the nature of the work to live temporarily or permanently in the undertaking.

WORKING TIME ARRANGEMENTS

Article 20

Hours of work, night work and rest periods for workers in agriculture shall be in accordance with national laws and regulations or collective agreements.

COVERAGE AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND DISEASES

Article 21

1. 1. In accordance with national law and practice, workers in agriculture shall be covered by an insurance or social security scheme against fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries and diseases, as well as against invalidity and other work-related health risks, providing coverage at least equivalent to that enjoyed by workers in other sectors.
2. 2. Such schemes may either be part of a national scheme or take any other appropriate form consistent with national law and practice.

Article 22

The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.

Article 23

1. 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
2. 2. It shall come into force 12 months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member 12 months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.

Article 24

1. 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.

Article 25

1. 1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of the registration of all ratifications and acts of denunciation communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. 2. When notifying the Members of the Organization of the registration of the second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the date upon which the Convention shall come into force.

Article 26

The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, for registration in accordance with article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.

Article 27

At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.

Article 28

1. 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides -
   • (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 24 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
   • (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.

Article 29

The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.

الطعن 1554 لسنة 29 ق جلسة 1 / 3/ 1960 مكتب فني 11 ج 1 ق 39 ص 201

جلسة أول مارس سنة 1960

برياسة السيد محمود إبراهيم إسماعيل المستشار، وبحضور السادة: أحمد زكي كامل، والسيد أحمد عفيفي، ومحمد عطية إسماعيل، وعادل يونس المستشارين.

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الطعن رقم 1554 لسنة 29 القضائية

استئناف.
إصدار الأحكام الاستئنافية بإلغاء البراءة أو تشديد العقوبة المحكوم بها. شرط الإجماع: نطاقه. قصره على حالة الخلاف في تقدير الوقائع والأدلة وتقدير العقوبة. تطبيق القانون على وجهه الصحيح لا يحتاج إلى إجماع. علة ذلك.
قانون.
تفسيره: التفسير القضائي. علة التشريع. الأعمال التحضيرية والمذكرة الإيضاحية. مثال في تفسير المادة 417/ 2 أ. ج.

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يستبين من المذكرة الإيضاحية للمادة 417 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية في فقرتها الثانية، ومن تقرير اللجنة التي شكلت للتنسيق بين مشروعي قانوني الإجراءات الجنائية والمرافعات أن مراد الشارع من النص على وجوب إجماع آراء قضاة المحكمة الاستئنافية عند تشديد العقوبة أو إلغاء حكم البراءة إنما هو مقصور على حالات الخلاف بينها وبين محكمة أول درجة في تقدير الوقائع والأدلة وأن تكون هذه الوقائع والأدلة كامنة في تقرير مسئولية المتهم واستحقاقه للعقوبة أو إقامة التناسب بين هذه المسئولية ومقدار العقوبة - وكل ذلك في حدود القانون إيثاراً من الشارع لمصلحة المتهم - يشهد لذلك أن حكم هذه المادة مقصور على الطعن بالاستئناف دون الطعن بالنقض الذي يقصد منه العصمة من مخالفة القانون أو الخطأ في تطبيقه، وأن المذكرة الإيضاحية قد أفصحت في بيانها لعلة التشريع عن أن ترجيح رأي قاضي محكمة أول درجة في حالة عدم توافر الإجماع مرجعه إلى أنه هو الذي أجرى التحقيق في الدعوى وسمع الشهود بنفسه، وهو ما يوحي بأن اشتراط إجماع القضاة مقصور على حالة الخلاف في تقدير الوقائع والأدلة وتقدير العقوبة - أما النظر في استواء حكم القانون فلا يصح أن يرد عليه خلاف، والمصير إلى تطبيقه على وجهه الصحيح لا يحتاج إلى إجماع، بل لا يتصور أن يكون الإجماع إلا لتمكين القانون وإجراء أحكامه لا أن يكون ذريعة إلى تجاوز حدوده.

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الوقائع

اتهمت النيابة العامة المطعون ضده بأنه حال دون تأدية مراقب الصحة أعمال وظيفته بأن منعه من أخذ عينة ألبان من محله. وطلبت عقابه بالمواد 11 و12 و12 مكرر من القانون رقم 48 لسنة 1941 المعدل بالقانون رقم 83 لسنة 1948. والمحكمة الجزئية قضت حضورياً بتغريم المتهم 200 قرش بلا مصاريف. فاستأنفت النيابة الحكم، والمحكمة الاستئنافية قضت غيابياً وبإجماع الآراء بإلغاء الحكم المستأنف وبتغريم المتهم 500 قرش بلا مصاريف، فعارض المحكوم عليه وقضي في معارضته بتأييد الحكم المعارض فيه بلا مصاريف. فطعنت النيابة العامة في هذا الحكم بطريق النقض... إلخ.

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المحكمة

حيث إن الطاعنة تنعى على الحكم المطعون فيه الخطأ في تطبيق القانون إذ قضى بتأييد الحكم المعارض فيه الصادر بإلغاء الحكم المستأنف وتغريم المحكوم عليه مبلغ خمسمائة قرش بدلاً من الغرامة "مائتي قرش" التي سبق أن قضت بها محكمة أول درجة دون أن ينص على أنه صدر بإجماع آراء قضاة المحكمة. وبذلك يكون الحكم المطعون فيه قد شدد العقوبة على خلاف ما تقضي به المادة 417/ 2 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية - ولا يغني في هذا المقام أن يكون الحكم الغيابي الاستئنافي قد نص في منطوقه على صدوره بإجماع الآراء، ذلك لأن المعارضة إنما تعيد الدعوى إلى حالتها الأولى في حدود مصلحة المعارض.
وحيث إنه لما كان الثابت من الاطلاع على الأوراق أن النيابة العامة أقامت الدعوى الجنائية على المتهم بوصف أنه "حال دون تأدية مراقب الصحة لأعمال وظيفته بأن منعه من أخذ عينة ألبان من محله" وطلبت عقابه طبقاً للمواد 11 و12 و12 مكرر من القانون رقم 48 لسنة 1941 والمعدل بالقانون رقم 83 لسنة 1948 فقضت محكمة أول درجة بتغريمه مائتي قرش عملاً بالمواد سالفة الذكر، فاستأنفت النيابة الحكم المذكور للخطأ في القانون وقضت المحكمة الاستئنافية غيابياً وبإجماع الآراء بقبول الاستئناف وإلغاء الحكم المستأنف وتغريم المتهم خمسمائة قرش. فعارض المحكوم عليه فقضت المحكمة بحكمها المطعون فيه بقبول المعارضة شكلاً وفي الموضوع برفضها وتأييد الحكم المعارض فيه دون أن تنص على أنه صدر بإجماع آراء قضاة المحكمة.
وحيث إنه وإن نصت الفقرة الثانية من المادة 417 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية على أنه لا يجوز تشديد العقوبة المحكوم بها ولا إلغاء الحكم الصادر بالبراءة إلا بإجماع آراء قضاة المحكمة، إلا أنه يستبين من المذكرة الإيضاحية لهذه المادة ومن تقرير اللجنة التي شكلت للتنسيق بين مشروعي قانوني الإجراءات الجنائية. والمرافعات أن مراد الشارع من النص على وجوب إجماع آراء قضاة المحكمة الاستئنافية عند تشديد العقوبة أو إلغاء حكم البراءة إنما هو مقصور على حالات الخلاف بينها وبين محكمة أول درجة في تقدير الوقائع والأدلة وأن تكون هذه الوقائع والأدلة كامنة في تقرير مسئولية المتهم واستحقاقه للعقوبة أو إقامة التناسب بين هذه المسئولية ومقدار العقوبة وكل ذلك في حدود القانون إيثاراً من الشارع لمصلحة المتهم، يشهد لذلك أن حكم هذه المادة مقصور على الطعن بالاستئناف دون الطعن بالنقض الذي يقصد منه العصمة من مخالفة القانون أو الخطأ في تطبيقه - لما كان ذلك، وكانت المذكرة الإيضاحية قد أفصحت في بيانها لعلة التشريع عن أن ترجيح رأي قاضي محكمة أول درجة في حالة عدم توافر الإجماع مرجعه إلى أنه هو الذي أجرى التحقيق في الدعوى وسمع الشهود بنفسه وهو ما يوحي بأن اشتراط إجماع القضاة قاصر على حالة الخلاف في تقدير الوقائع والأدلة وتقدير العقوبة، أما النظر في استواء حكم القانون فلا يصح أن يرد عليه خلاف، والمصير إلى تطبيقه على وجهه الصحيح لا يحتاج إلى إجماع، بل لا يتصور أن يكون الإجماع إلا لتمكين القانون وإجراء أحكامه لا أن يكون ذريعة إلى تجاوز حدوده. لما كان ذلك، وكان نص المادة 12 مكرر من القانون رقم 48 لسنة 1941 المعدل بالقانون رقم 83 لسنة 1948 أنه "يعاقب بالحبس مدة لا تتجاوز سنة وبغرامة لا تقل عن خمسة جنيهات ولا تتجاوز مائة جنيه أو بإحدى هاتين العقوبتين كل من حال دون تأدية الموظفين المشار إليهم بالمادة 11 أعمال وظائفهم سواء بمنعهم من دخول المصانع أو المخازن أو المتاجر أو من الحصول على عينات أو بأية طريقة أخرى" لما كان ذلك، فإن الحكم المطعون فيه إذ قضى بتغريم المحكوم عليه خمسة جنيهات بالتطبيق لهذه المادة يكون قد أعمل حكم القانون وهو في ذلك لم يشدد العقوبة بالمعنى الذي رمى إليه المشرع من سن القاعدة الواردة بالفقرة الثانية من المادة 417 من قانون الإجراءات، وإنما هو قد صحح خطأ قانونياً وقع فيه الحكم المستأنف. لما كان ذلك، فإن الطعن يكون على غير أساس متعيناً رفضه.

الطعن 681 لسنة 16 ق جلسة 29 / 2 / 1976 إدارية عليا مكتب فني 21 ق 29 ص 90

جلسة 29 من فبراير سنة 1976

برئاسة السيد الأستاذ المستشار/ مصطفى كمال إبراهيم - رئيس المحكمة. وعضوية السادة الأساتذة: محمد فهمي طاهر، ومحيي الدين طاهر، وأحمد سعد الدين قمحه ومحمد بدير الألفي - المستشارين.

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القضية رقم 681 لسنة 16 القضائية

حكم - بطلان الحكم - عدم الصلاحية لنظر الدعوى.
عدم صلاحية عضو هيئة محكمة القضاء الإداري لنظر الدعوى إذا كان قد سبق أن أبدى رأيه كمفوض لدى المحكمة في دعوى سابقة أقامها نفس المدعي ضد ذات الوزارة المدعى عليها وفى الطعنين المقامين من المدعي والوزارة في الحكم الصادر في هذه الدعوى السابقة متى كانت ثلاثة من طلبات المدعي في الدعوى الحالية هي ذات طلباته في الدعوى السابقة وكانت باقي طلباته في الدعوى الحالية ترتبط بالطلبات التي فصل فيها ارتباطاً جوهرياً باعتبارها تقوم على أساس قانون واحد - الحكم الذي يصدر من هيئة محكمة القضاء الإداري مع توافر أسباب عدم صلاحية أحد أعضائها لنظر الدعوى يكون باطلاً ومخالفاً للنظام العام - النظر في الطلبات الجديدة في الدعوى يثير المنازعة بأكملها ومن ثم يتعين القضاء بإلغاء الحكم المطعون فيه وإعادة القضية برمتها لمحكمة القضاء الإداري لنظرها من جديد - أساس ذلك أن شرط تصدي المحكمة الإدارية العليا أن يكون الحكم صادراً من هيئة مشكلة تشكيلاً صحيحاً لم يقم بأحد أعضائها سبب من أسباب عدم الصلاحية لنظر الدعوى.

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إن الثابت من الأوراق أن السيد/ المستشار سمير صادق كان عضواً في هيئة المحكمة التي نظرت الدعوى الحالية وأصدرت الحكم المطعون فيه، بينما كان قد أبدى رأيه في الدعوى رقم 895 لسنة 14 القضائية المقامة من نفس المدعي ضد ذات الوزارة المدعى عليها وفى الطعنين رقمي 1461 لسنة 8، 1234 لسنة 8 القضائية المقامين من المدعي والوزارة المدعى عليها في الحكم الصادر في هذه الدعوى، وذلك عندما كان مفوضاً لدى المحكمة بأن أعد فيها ثلاثة تقارير مودعة بملف الدعوى متضمنة رأيه في الدعوى والطعنين المشار إليهما.

ومن حيث إنه يبين من الاطلاع على الأوراق أن ثلاثة من طلبات المدعي في الدعوى الحالية وهى تعديل مرتبه الذي عين به بالكادر العالي من 15 جنيه إلى 19 جنيه شهرياً بالتطبيق للقانون رقم 210 لسنة 1951، وضم مدة خدمته السابقة، وتسوية حالته طبقاً للمادة 22 من القانون رقم 46 لسنة 1964، هي نفس طلباته في الدعوى رقم 895 لسنة 14 القضائية المشار إليها وذلك للأسباب التي أوضحها الحكم المطعون فيه والتي تأخذ بها هذه المحكمة. أما بالنسبة لباقي طلبات المدعي وهى تسوية حالته على أساس القانون رقم 35 لسنة 1967 بشأن تسوية حالات بعض العاملين بالدولة، وتعديل إعانة غلاء المعيشة المستحقة له، وطلبه الاحتياطي الخاص بالتعويض عما أصابه من أضرار مادية وأدبية نتيجة صدور قرار تعيينه بالكادر العالي ثم فصله من الخدمة لعدم تقديمه مسوغات تعيينه ثم إعادة تعيينه من جديد، فهي وإن كانت طلبات جديدة لم تثر في الدعوى السابقة إلا أنها ترتبط بالطلبات التي فصل فيها ارتباطاً جوهرياً باعتبارها تقوم جميعاً على أساس قانوني واحد مما لا يمكن معه الفصل بينها، فمن ثم فإن النظر في الطلبات الجديدة يثير المنازعة برمتها.

ومن حيث إن المادة 146 من قانون المرافعات الصادر به القانون رقم 13 لسنة 1968 تقضي بأن يكون القاضي غير صالح لنظر الدعوى ممنوعاً من سماعها ولو لم يرده أحد الخصوم في أحوال معينة من بينها: خامساً: إذا كان قد أفتى أو ترافع عن أحد الخصوم في الدعوى أو كتب فيها ولو كان ذلك قبل اشتغاله بالقضاء أو كان قد سبق له نظرها قاضياً أو خبيراً أو محكماً أو كان قد أدى شهادة فيها. وتنص المادة 147 على أن يقع باطلاً عمل القاضي أو قضاؤه في الأحوال المتقدمة الذكر ولو تم باتفاق الخصوم. وإذا وقع هذا البطلان في حكم صدر من محكمة النقض جاز للخصم أن يطلب منها إلغاء الحكم وإعادة نظر الطعن أمام دائرة أخرى.

ومن حيث إنه متى ثبت على الوجه الذي سلف بيانه أن أحد أعضاء الهيئة التي أصدرت الحكم المطعون فيه لحق به سبب من أسباب عدم الصلاحية لنظر الدعوى فإن الحكم يكون باطلاً ومخالفاً للنظام العام، وإذ يثير النظر في الطلبات الجديدة في هذه الدعوى المنازعة بأكملها على ما سبق بيانه، فإنه يتعين لذلك عدم تجزئة الدعوى والقضاء بإلغاء الحكم المطعون فيه وإعادة القضية برمتها لمحكمة القضاء الإداري لنظرها من جديد. ولا سند للقول بأن المحكمة الإدارية العليا تتصدى في هذه الحالة لنظر موضوع الدعوى، ذلك لأن قضاء هذه المحكمة جرى على أن الحكم المطعون فيه وقد شابه بطلان جوهري ينحدر به إلى درجة الانعدام بسبب عدم صلاحية أحد أعضاء الهيئة لنظر الدعوى فإنه يمتنع على المحكمة الإدارية العليا التصدي لنظر موضوع الدعوى لأن ذلك يعتبر بمثابة نظر الموضوع لأول مرة أمام هذه المحكمة وينطوي على إخلال جسيم بإجراءات التقاضي وتفويت لدرجة من درجاته لأن شرط التصدي أن يكون الحكم صادراً من هيئة مشكلة تشكيلاً صحيحاً لم يقم بأحد أعضائها سبب من أسباب عدم الصلاحية لنظر الدعوى الأمر الذي يتعين معه إعادة القضية للفصل فيها مجدداً من دائرة أخرى من دوائر محكمة القضاء الإداري، مع إلزام الجهة الإدارية بالمصروفات.