a coelo usque ad centrum
"من السماء إلى مركز الأرض "
قاعدة قانونية لاتينية تعني أنه تمتد ولاية المالك إلى ما فوق ملكه حتى السماء وما تحته حتى مركز الكرة الأرضية. تم النص عليها في القانون الاسكتلندي القديم وانتشرت في اغلب دول اوربا لكن عليها تحفظات كثيرة حالية بخصوص المعادن والبترول وشركات البحث والتعدين
- Definition: Historically, the doctrine states that a person who owns a piece of land owns everything directly above it up to the sky and everything directly below it down to the center of the earth.
- Origin: The principle traces back to medieval Roman and civil law traditions, later popularized in English common law by jurists like William Blackstone and recognized in systems like Scots law.
- Modern Limitations: In today's world, the rule is heavily restricted by statute, public policy, and practical necessity:
- Airspace & Aviation: The invention of airplanes created public highways in the sky, meaning property owners cannot block high-altitude flights (often limited in common law to lower reasonable use, such as under 500–1,000 feet).
- Subsurface Rights: Mineral rights, oil, gas, and groundwater are frequently separated from surface ownership, reserved by the government, or regulated by public law.
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