C41 - Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934

[Abrogated Convention - By decision of the International Labour Conference at its 106th Session (2017)]

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Eighteenth Session on 4 June 1934, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the partial revision of the Convention concerning employment of women during the night adopted by the Conference at its First Session, which is the seventh item on the agenda of the Session, and

Considering that these proposals must take the form of an international Convention,

adopts this nineteenth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty-four the following Convention, which may be cited as the Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934:

Article 1

1. 1. For the purpose of this Convention, the term industrial undertaking includes particularly--
   • (a) mines, quarries, and other works for the extraction of minerals from the earth;
   • (b) industries in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleaned, repaired, ornamented, finished, adapted for sale, broken up or demolished, or in which materials are transformed; including shipbuilding, and the generation, transformation, and transmission of electricity or motive power of any kind;
   • (c) construction, reconstruction, maintenance, repair, alteration, or demolition of any building, railway, tramway, harbour, dock, pier, canal, inland waterway, road, tunnel, bridge, viaduct, sewer, drain, well, telegraphic or telephonic installation, electrical undertaking, gas work, waterwork or other work of construction, as well as the preparation for or laying the foundations of any such work or structure.
2. 2. The competent authority in each country shall define the line of division which separates industry from commerce and agriculture.

Article 2

1. 1. For the purpose of this Convention, the term night signifies a period of at least eleven consecutive hours, including the interval between ten o'clock in the evening and five o'clock in the morning.
2. 2. Provided that, where there are exceptional circumstances affecting the workers employed in a particular industry or area, the competent authority may, after consultation with the employers' and workers' organisations concerned, decide that in the case of women employed in that industry or area, the interval between eleven o'clock in the evening and six o'clock in the morning may be substituted for the interval between ten o'clock in the evening and five o'clock in the morning.
3. 3. In those countries where no Government regulation as yet applies to the employment of women in industrial undertakings during the night, the term night may provisionally, and for a maximum period of three years, be declared by the Government to signify a period of only ten hours, including the interval between ten o'clock in the evening and five o'clock in the morning.

Article 3

Women without distinction of age shall not be employed during the night in any public or private industrial undertaking, or in any branch thereof, other than an undertaking in which only members of the same family are employed.

Article 4

Article 3 shall not apply--

• (a) in cases of force majeure, when in any undertaking there occurs an interruption of work which it was impossible to foresee, and which is not of a recurring character;
• (b) in cases where the work has to do with raw materials or materials in course of treatment which are subject to rapid deterioration, when such night work is necessary to preserve the said materials from certain loss.

Article 5

In India and Siam, the application of Article 3 of this Convention may be suspended by the Government in respect to any industrial undertaking, except factories as defined by the national law. Notice of every such suspension shall be filed with the International Labour Office.

Article 6

In industrial undertakings which are influenced by the seasons and in all cases where exceptional circumstances demand it, the night period may be reduced to ten hours on sixty days of the year.

Article 7

In countries where the climate renders work by day particularly trying to the health, the night period may be shorter than prescribed in the above Articles, provided that compensatory rest is accorded during the day.

Article 8

This Convention does not apply to women holding responsible positions of management who are not ordinarily engaged in manual work.

Article 9

The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.

Article 10

1. 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General.
2. 2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.

Article 11

As soon as the ratifications of two Members of the International Labour Organisation have been registered with the International Labour Office, the Director-General of the International Labour Office shall so notify all the Members of the International Labour Organisation. He shall likewise notify them of the registration of ratifications which may be communicated subsequently by other Members of the Organisation.

Article 12

1. 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered with the International Labour Office.
2. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.

Article 13

At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall consider the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.

Article 14

1. 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then unless the new Convention otherwise provides,
   • (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 12 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
   • (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.

Article 15

The French and English texts of this Convention shall both be authentic.

الطعن 12430 لسنة 87 ق جلسة 14 / 5 / 2018 مكتب فني 69 ق 112 ص 782

جلسة 14 من مايو سنة 2018

برئاسة السيد القاضي/ فتحي محمد حنضل نائب رئيس المحكمة وعضوية السادة القضاة/ عبد الباري عبد الحفيظ، أحمد فراج، طارق خشبة وأحمد عبد الله نواب رئيس المحكمة.

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(112)

الطعن رقم 12430 لسنة 87 القضائية

(1) تضامن " ماهيته " .

التضامن لا يفترض ولا يؤخذ فيه بالظن . وجوب رده إلى نص قانوني أو اتفاق صريح أو ضمني . وجوب بيان الحكم لسنده في المسئولية التضامنية . الأساس الذي بني عليه قضاءه . لازمه . استخلاص سائغ .

(2- 4) عقد " بعض أنواع العقود : عقد الكفالة " .

(2) الكفالة . ماهيتها . عقد بين الكفيل والدائن يلتزم فيه الأول شخصياً بوفاء الدين عند حلول أجله إذا لم يوفه المدين . لازمه . التزام الكفيل ليس التزاماً أصلياً إنما تابعاً لالتزام المكفول . م 772 مدني .

(3) الكفالة . وجوب خروجها على القواعد العامة في الإثبات . علة ذلك . عدم جواز إثباتها إلا بالكتابة ولو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة . م 773 مدني .

(4) تمسك الطاعن بعدم جواز إثبات تضامنه مع المطعون ضدها الثانية في أداء دين التداعي إلا بالكتابة بعد القضاء برد وبطلان إقرار التضامن المنسوب له . دفاع جوهري . قضاء الحكم المطعون فيه بإحالة الدعوى للتحقيق لإثبات التضامن وإلزام الطاعن بأداء الدين بالتضامن استناداً لأقوال الشهود . خطأ ومخالفة للقانون . علة ذلك . م 773 مدني.

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1- المقرر - في قضاء محكمة النقض - أن التضامن لا يفترض ولا يؤخذ بالظن، ولكن ينبغي أن يرد إلى نص في القانون أو اتفاق صريح أو ضمني قائم على الإرادة بوجه عام ويتعين على الحكم الذى يُرتب المسئولية التضامنية أن يُبين المصدر الذى استند إليه في ذلك، ويجب أن يكون الأساس الذى بنى عليه قضاءه مستخلصاً من أدلة سائغة تتفق مع صحيح القانون.

2- المقرر - في قضاء محكمة النقض - أن مفاد النص في المادة 772 من القانون المدني يدل على أن الكفالة عقد بين الكفيل والدائن يلتزم فيه الكفيل شخصياً بوفاء الدين عند حلول أجله إذا لم يوفه المدين، ولازم ذلك أن التزام الكفيل متضامناً أو غير متضامن ليس التزاماً أصلياً وإنما التزام تابع للالتزام المكفول بحيث إذا التزم المسئول عن دين الغير التزاماً أصلياً فإنه لا يكون كفيلاً بل مديناً أصلياً التزامه مستقل عن التزام المدين.

3- إن مفاد النص في المادة 773 من القانون المدني يدل على أنه يجب في الواقع فيما يتعلق بالكفالة الخروج على القواعد العامة في الإثبات لأن التزام الكفيـل هو أساساً من الالتزامات التبرعية فيجب أن يستند إلى رضاء صريح قاطع، وأن يكون واضحاً لا غموض فيه، وإذ قد يكون من العسيـر بل يستحيـل أحياناً تعرف طبيعة تدخل الكفيـل، وتحديد مدى التزامه ونوع كفالته عن طريق شهادة الشهود وحدها ولذلك قلما تتم الكفالـة عملاً بغيـر كتابة كما أنه قد يندر أن يلجأ الدائن في دعواه ضد الكفيـل إلى الإثبات بالبينة، فلهذه الأسباب قدر المشرع حمايةً للكفيـل عدم جواز إثبات الكفالة إلا بالكتابة ويلزم الإثبات بالكتابة حتى لو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة .

4- إذ كان الثابت من الأوراق أن المطعون ضدها الأولى تدايـن المطعون ضدها الثانية بالمبلغ الثابت بالمستندات سند الدين واختصمت المطعون ضدها الأولى الطاعن والمطعون ضدها الثانية بطلب الحكم بإلزامهما متضامنين بأداء هذا الدين واستندت في إلزام الطاعن بالتضامن مع المدينة بالدين الأصلي إلى إقراره المؤرخ 15/2/2014 والذى طعن الطاعن عليه بالتزوير وقضـى برده وبطلانه وإذ تمسك الطاعن في دفاعه أمام محكمة الاستئناف بعدم جواز إثبات إقراره بالتضامن مع المطعون ضدها الثانية في أداء الدين إلا بالكتابة غير أن الحكم المطعون فيه التفت عن ذلك وأحال الدعوى للتحقيق وبعد سماع شهود المطعون ضدها الأولى ألزمه بأداء الدين بالتضامن مع المدينة الأصلية، اعتمادًا على ما قرره شاهديها رغم أنه قد سبق القضاء برد وبطلان إقراره المؤرخ 15/2/2014 وإذ كان لا يجوز وفقاً للمادة 773 من القانون المدني إثبات الكفالة إلا بالكتابة، ولو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة، وكان من مقتضى ذلك أن يكون رضاء الكفيـل بضمان الدين رضاءً صريحاً واضحاً لا غموض فيه، فإنه لا يسوغ إثبات الكفالة بالبينة، الأمر الذي يكون ما تدعيه المطعون ضدها الأولى من كفالة الطاعن في المبلغ المطلوب من المطعون ضدها الثانية قائماً على غير أساس، وإذ خالف الحكم المطعون فيه هذا النظر وألزم الطاعن بأداء الدين بالتضامن مع المطعون ضدها الثانية، فإنه يكون قد خالف القانون وأخطأ في تطبيقه.

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المحكمــة

بعد الاطلاع على الأوراق، وسماع التقرير الذي تلاه السيد القاضي المقرر، والمرافعة، وبعد المداولة.

حيث إن الطعن استوفى أوضاعه الشكلية.

وحيث إن الوقائع - على ما يبين من الحكم المطعون فيه وسائر الأوراق - تتحصل في أن المطعون ضدها الأولى أقامت الدعوى رقم ... لسنة 2011 مدني محكمة طنطا الابتدائية وذلك بعد رفض طلبها باستصدار أمر أداء بطلب الحكم بإلزام الطاعن والمطعون ضدها الثانية بالتضامن بأداء مبلغ 104200 جنيه وذلك على سند من أنها تداين المطعون ضدها الأولى بالمبلغ بموجب ثلاث شيكات مؤرخة 6/11/2010 مستحقة السداد، فضلاً عن إقرار تضامن صادر من الطاعن يتضمن أنه ضامن متضامن مع المطعون ضدها الأولى في سداد الدين، حكمت المحكمة بالطلبات . استأنف الطاعن الحكم بالاستئناف رقم ... لسنة 61 ق. ضمت المحكمة الاستئنافين . طعن الطاعن بالتزوير على الإقرار المؤرخ 15/2/2014 المنسوب صدوره له وندبت المحكمة أبحاث التزييف والتزوير بالطب الشرعى والذى أودع تقريره بأن الطاعن لم يحرر التوقيعات الثابتة أعلى وأسفل عبارة المقر بما فيه وهى مقلدة عليه، وبتاريخ 16/3/2016 قضت المحكمة برد وبطلان الإقرار المؤرخ 15/2/2014، وبعد أن أحالت الدعوى للتحقيق لإثبات الاتفاق على التضامن والمطعون ضدها الثانية استمعت لشاهدي المطعون ضدها الأولى، وبتاريخ 14/6/2017 قضت بتأييد الحكم المستأنف . طعن الطاعن في هذا الحكم بطريق النقض، وقدمت النيابة مذكرة أبدت فيها الرأي بنقضه، وإذ عُرض على هذه المحكمة – في غرفة مشورة – فحددت جلسة لنظره، وفيها التزمت النيابة رأيها .

وحيث إن مما ينعاه الطاعن على الحكم المطعون فيه الخطأ في تطبيق القانون وفي بيان ذلك يقول: بأنه تمسك أمام محكمة الاستئناف بعدم جواز إثبات الكفالة بغير الكتابة بعد أن سبق أن قضى برد وبطلان إقرار التضامن المؤرخ 15/2/2014 إلا أن الحكم المطعون فيه خالف ذلك وأحال الدعوى للتحقيق واستمع لشهود المطعون ضدها الأولى على سند من أن التضامن واقعة مادية يجوز إثباتها بكافة طرق الإثبات هذا فضلاً عن أن المطعون ضدها الأولى تُعد من الغير في خصوص هذا الإقرار حال أنها ليست من الغير، وإذ جعـل الحكم من شهادة شاهدي المطعون ضدها المذكورة عماداً لقضائـه وألزمه بأداء الدين متضامناً مع المطعون ضدها الثانية، يكون معيباً بما يستوجب نقضه .

وحيث إن النعى في محله، ذلك أن المقرر– في قضاء هذه المحكمة – أن التضامن لا يُفترض ولا يؤخذ بالظن، ولكن ينبغي أن يرد إلى نص في القانون أو اتفاق صريح أو ضمنى قائم على الإرادة بوجه عام، ويتعين على الحكم الذى يُرتب المسئولية التضامنية أن يُبين المصدر الذى استند إليه في ذلك، ويجب أن يكون الأساس الذى بنى عليه قضاءه مُستخلصاً من أدلة سائغة تتفق مع صحيح القانون، وأن مفاد النص في المادة 772 من القانون المدنى يدل على أن الكفالة عقد بين الكفيل والدائن يلتزم فيه الكفيل شخصياً بوفاء الدين عند حلول أجله إذا لم يوفه المدين، ولازم ذلك أن التزام الكفيل متضامناً أو غير متضامن ليس التزاماً أصلياً وإنما التزام تابع للالتزام المكفول بحيث إذا التزم المسئول عن دين الغير التزاماً أصلياً فإنه لا يكون كفيلاً بل مديناً أصلياً التزامه مستقل عن التزام المدين، وأن النص في المادة 773 من القانون المدني أنه "لا تثبت الكفالة إلا بالكتابة ولو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة" يدل أنه يجب في الواقع فيما يتعلق بالكفالة الخروج على القواعد العامة في الإثبات، لأن التزام الكفيـل هو أساساً من الالتزامات التبرعية فيجب أن يستند إلى رضاء صريح قاطع، وأن يكون واضحاً لا غموض فيه، وإذ قد يكون من العسيـر بل يستحيـل أحياناً تعرف طبيعة تدخل الكفيـل، وتحديد مدى التزامه ونوع كفالته عن طريق شهادة الشهود وحدها ولذلك قلما تتم الكفالـة عملاً بغيـر كتابة كما أنه قد يندر أن يلجأ الدائن في دعواه ضد الكفيل إلى الإثبات بالبينة، فلهذه الأسباب قدر المشرع حماية للكفيـل عدم جواز إثبات الكفالة إلا بالكتابة ويلزم الإثبات بالكتابة حتى لو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة . لما كان ذلك، وكان الثابت من الأوراق أن المطعون ضدها الأولى تدايـن المطعون ضدها الثانية بالمبلغ الثابت بالمستندات سند الدين واختصمت المطعون ضدها الأولى الطاعن والمطعون ضدها الثانية بطلب الحكم بإلزامهما متضامنين بأداء هذا الدين واستندت في إلزام الطاعن بالتضامن مع المدينة بالدين الأصلي إلى إقراره المؤرخ 15/2/2014 والذى طعن الطاعن عليه بالتزوير وقضـى برده وبطلانه وإذ تمسك الطاعن في دفاعه أمام محكمة الاستئناف بعدم جواز إثبات إقراره بالتضامن مع المطعون ضدها الثانية في أداء الدين إلا بالكتابة غير أن الحكم المطعون فيه التفت عن ذلك وأحال الدعوى للتحقيق وبعد سماع شهود المطعون ضدها الأولى ألزمه بأداء الدين بالتضامن مع المدينة الأصلية، اعتمادًا على ما قرره شاهديها رغم أنه قد سبق القضاء برد وبطلان إقراره المؤرخ 15/2/2014 وإذ كان لا يجوز وفقاً للمادة 773 من القانون المدني إثبات الكفالة إلا بالكتابة، ولو كان من الجائز إثبات الالتزام الأصلي بالبينة، وكان من مقتضى ذلك أن يكون رضاء الكفيل بضمان الدين رضاءً صريحاً واضحاً لا غموض فيه، فإنه لا يسوغ إثبات الكفالة بالبينة الأمر الذي يكون ما تدعيه المطعون ضدها الأولى من كفالة الطاعن في المبلغ المطلوب من المطعون ضدها الثانية قائماً على غير أساس، وإذ خالف الحكم المطعون فيه هذا النظر وألزم الطاعن بأداء الدين بالتضامن مع المطعون ضدها الثانية فإنه يكون قد خالف القانون وأخطأ في تطبيقه بما يوجب نقضـه في هذا الخصوص .

وحيث إن الموضوع فيما نُقض من الحكم صالح للفصـل فيه، ولما تقدم يتعين تعديل الحكم المستأنف برفض الدعوى بالنسبة للمدعى عليه الثاني .

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C40 - Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933

Preamble

The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Seventeenth Session on 8 June 1933, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to compulsory widows' and orphans' insurance, which is included in the second item on the agenda of the Session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention,

adopts this twenty-ninth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty-three the following Convention, which may be cited as the Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933, for ratification by the Members of the International Labour Organisation, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation:

Article 1

Each Member of the International Labour Organisation which ratifies this Convention undertakes to set up or maintain a scheme of compulsory widows' and orphans' insurance which shall be based on provisions at least equivalent to those contained in this Convention.

Article 2

1. 1. The compulsory widows' and orphans' insurance scheme shall apply to manual and non-manual workers, including apprentices, employed in agricultural undertakings, and to domestic servants employed in the households of agricultural employers.
2. 2. Provided that any Member may in its national laws or regulations make such exceptions as it deems necessary in respect of--
   • (a) workers whose remuneration exceeds a prescribed amount and, where national laws or regulations do not make this exception general in its application, any non-manual workers engaged in occupations which are ordinarily considered as liberal professions;
   • (b) workers who are not paid a money wage;
   • (c) young workers under a prescribed age and workers too old to become insured when they first enter employment;
   • (d) outworkers whose conditions of work are not of a like nature to those of ordinary wage earners;
   • (e) members of the employer's family;
   • (f) workers whose employment is of such a nature that, its total duration being necessarily short, they cannot qualify for benefit, and persons engaged solely in occasional or subsidiary employment;
   • (g) invalid workers and workers in receipt of an invalidity or old-age pension;
   • (h) retired public officials employed for remuneration and persons possessing a private income, where the retirement pension or private income is at least equal to the invalidity pension provided by national laws or regulations;
   • (i) workers, who, during their studies, give lessons or work for remuneration in preparation for an occupation corresponding to such studies.
3. 3. Provided also that there may be exempted from liability to insurance persons whose survivors will, by virtue of any law, regulations or special scheme, become entitled to benefits at least equivalent on the whole to those provided for in this Convention.

Article 3

National laws or regulations shall, under conditions to be determined by them, either entitle persons formerly compulsorily insured who are not in receipt of a pension to continue their insurance voluntarily or entitle such persons to maintain their rights by the periodical payment of a fee for the purpose, unless the said rights are automatically maintained or, in the case of married women, the husband, if not liable to compulsory insurance, is permitted to insure voluntarily and thereby to qualify his wife for an old-age or widow's pension.

Article 4

1. 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 5, the right to a pension may be made conditional upon the completion of a qualifying period, which may involve the payment of a minimum number of contributions since entry into insurance and during a prescribed period immediately preceding the happening of the event insured against.
2. 2. The duration of the qualifying period shall not exceed 60 contribution months, 250 contribution weeks or 1,500 contribution days.
3. 3. Where the completion of the qualifying period involves the payment of a prescribed number of contributions during a prescribed period immediately preceding the happening of the event insured against, periods for which benefit has been paid in respect of temporary incapacity for work or of unemployment shall be reckoned as contribution periods to such extent and under such conditions as may be determined by national laws or regulations.

Article 5

1. 1. An insured person who ceases to be liable to insurance without being entitled to a benefit representing a return for the contributions credited to his account shall retain his rights in respect of these contributions.
2. 2. Provided that national laws or regulations may terminate rights in respect of contributions on the expiry of a term which shall be reckoned from the date when the insured person so ceased to be liable to insurance and which shall be either variable or fixed.
   • (a) Where the term is variable, it shall not be less than one-third (less the periods for which contributions have not been credited) of the total of the periods for which contributions have been credited since entry into insurance. (b) Where the term is fixed, it shall in no case be less than eighteen months and rights in respect of contributions may be terminated on the expiry of the term unless, in the course thereof, a minimum number of contributions prescribed by national laws or regulations has been credited to the account of the insured person in virtue of either compulsory or voluntarily continued insurance.

Article 6

The widows' and orphans' insurance scheme shall as a minimum confer pension rights on widows who have not remarried and the children of a deceased insured or pensioned person.

Article 7

1. 1. The right to a widow's pension may be reserved to widows who are above a prescribed age or are invalid.
2. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply in the case of special schemes for non-manual workers.
3. 3. The right to a widow's pension may be restricted to cases where the marriage has lasted for a prescribed period and was contracted before the insured or pensioned person had reached a prescribed age or become invalid.
4. 4. The rights to a widow's pension may be withheld if, at the time of the death of the insured or pensioned person, the marriage had been dissolved or if a separation had been pronounced in proceedings in which the wife was found solely at fault.
5. 5. Where there are several claimants to a widow's pension, the amount payable may be limited to that of one pension.

Article 8

1. 1. Any child who has not reached a prescribed age which shall not be less than fourteen shall be entitled to a pension in respect of the death of either parent.
2. 2. Provided that the right to a pension in respect of the death of an insured or pensioned mother may either be made conditional upon the mother's having contributed to the support of the child or be made conditional upon her having been a widow at the time of her death.
3. 3. National laws or regulations shall determine the cases in which a child other than a legitimate child shall be entitled to a pension.

Article 9

1. 1. The pension shall, whether or not dependent on the time spent in insurance, be a fixed sum or a percentage of the remuneration taken into account for insurance purposes or vary with the amount of the contributions paid.
2. 2. Where the pension varies with the time spent in insurance and its award is made conditional upon the completion by the insured person of a qualifying period, the pension shall, unless a minimum rate is guaranteed, include a fixed sum or fixed portion not dependent on the time spent in insurance; where the pension is awarded without any condition as to the completion of a qualifying period, provision may be made for a guaranteed minimum rate of pension.
3. 3. Where contributions are graduated according to remuneration, the remuneration taken into account for this purpose shall also be taken into account for the purpose of computing the pension, whether or not the pension varies with the time spent in insurance.

Article 10

Insurance institutions shall be authorised, under conditions which shall be determined by national laws or regulations, to grant benefits in kind for the purpose of preventing, postponing, alleviating or curing invalidity to persons who are in receipt of or may be entitled to claim a pension on the ground of invalidity.

Article 11

1. 1. The right to benefits may be forfeited or suspended in whole or in part--
   • (a) if death has been caused by a criminal offence committed by or the wilful misconduct of the insured person or any person who may become entitled to a survivor's pension; or
   • (b) if the insured person or any person who may become entitled to a survivor's pension has acted fraudulently towards the insurance institution.
2. 2. The pension may be suspended in whole or in part while the person concerned--
   • (a) is entirely maintained at the public expense or by a social insurance institution;
   • (b) refuses without valid reason to comply with the doctor's orders or the instructions relating to the conduct of invalids or voluntarily and without authorisation removes herself from the supervision of the insurance institution;
   • (c) is in receipt of another periodical cash benefit payable by virtue of any law or regulations concerning compulsory social insurance, pensions or workmen's compensation for accidents or occupational diseases;
   • (d) having been awarded a widow's pension without any condition as to age or invalidity, is living with a man as his wife; or
   • (e) in the case of special schemes for non-manual workers, is in receipt of remuneration exceeding a prescribed rate.

Article 12

1. 1. The insured persons and their employers shall contribute to the financial resources of the insurance scheme.
2. 2. National laws or regulations may exempt from liability to pay contributions--
   • (a) apprentices and young workers under a prescribed age;
   • (b) workers who are not paid a money wage or whose wages are very low.
   • (c) workers in the service of an employer who pays contributions assessed on a basis which is not dependent on the number of workers employed.
3. 3. Contributions from employers may be dispensed with under laws or regulations concerning schemes of national insurance not restricted in scope to employed persons.
4. 4. The public authorities shall contribute to the financial resources or to the benefits of insurance schemes covering employed persons in general or manual workers.
5. 5. National laws or regulations which, at the time of the adoption of this Convention, do not require contributions from insured persons may continue not to require such contributions.

Article 13

1. 1. The insurance scheme shall be administered by institutions founded by the public authorities and not conducted with a view to profit, or by State insurance funds.
2. 2. Provided that national laws or regulations may also entrust its administration to institutions founded on the initiative of the parties concerned or of their organisations and duly approved by the public authorities.
3. 3. The funds of insurance institutions and State insurance funds shall be administered separately from the public funds.
4. 4. Representatives of the insured persons shall participate in the management of insurance institutions under conditions to be determined by national laws or regulations, which may likewise decide as to the participation of representatives of employers and of the public authorities.
5. 5. Self-governing insurance institutions shall be under the administrative and financial supervision of the public authorities.

Article 14

1. 1. The survivors of a deceased insured or pensioned person shall have a right of appeal in any dispute concerning benefits.
2. 2. Such disputes shall be referred to special tribunals which shall include judges, whether professional or not, who are specially cognisant of the purposes of insurance or are assisted by assessors chosen as representative of insured persons and employers respectively.
3. 3. In any dispute concerning liability to insurance or the rate of contribution, the employed person and, in the case of schemes providing for an employer's contribution, his employer shall have a right of appeal.

Article 15

1. 1. Foreign employed persons shall be liable to insurance and to the payment of contributions under the same conditions as nationals.
2. 2. The survivors of foreign insured or pensioned persons shall be entitled under the same conditions as nationals to the benefits derived from the contributions credited to their account.
3. 3. The survivors of foreign insured or pensioned persons shall, if nationals of a Member which is bound by this Convention and the laws or regulations of which thereof provide for a State subsidy towards the financial resources or benefits of the insurance scheme in conformity with Article 12, also be entitled to any subsidy or supplement to or fraction of a pension which is payable out of public funds.
4. 4. Provided that national laws or regulations may restrict to nationals the right to any subsidy or supplement to or fraction of a pension which is payable out of public funds and granted solely to the survivors of insured persons who have exceeded a prescribed age at the date when the laws or regulations providing for compulsory insurance come into force.
5. 5. Any restrictions which may apply in the event of residence abroad shall only apply to pensioners who are nationals of any Member bound by this Convention and reside in the territory of any Member bound thereby to the extent to which they apply to nationals of the country in which the pension has been acquired. Provided that any subsidy or supplement to or fraction of a pension which is payable out of public funds may be withheld.

Article 16

1. 1. The insurance of employed persons shall be governed by the law applicable at their place of employment.
2. 2. In the interest of continuity of insurance exceptions may be made to this rule by agreement between the Members concerned.

Article 17

Any Member may prescribe special provisions for frontier workers whose place of employment is in its territory and whose place of residence is abroad.

Article 18

In countries which, at the time when this Convention first comes into force, have no laws or regulations providing for compulsory widows' and orphans' insurance, an existing non-contributory pension scheme which guarantees an individual right to a pension under the conditions defined in Articles 19 to 25 hereinafter shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Convention.

Article 19

1. 1. The following shall be entitled to a pension:
   • (a) every widow who has not remarried and who has at least two dependent children;
   • (b) every orphan, that is to say, every child who has lost both parents.
2. 2. National laws or regulations shall define--
   • (a) the cases in which a child other than a legitimate child shall be deemed to be the child of a widow for the purpose of entitling her to a pension;
   • (b) the age until which a child shall be considered dependent upon a widow or shall be entitled to an orphan's pension: Provided that this age shall in no case be less than fourteen.

Article 20

1. 1. The right to a widow's pension may be made conditional upon the residence in the territory of the Member--
   • (a) of the deceased husband during a period immediately preceding his death; and
   • (b) of the widow during a period immediately preceding the making of her claim for a pension.
2. 2. The right to an orphan's pension may be made conditional upon the residence, in the territory of the Member during a period immediately preceding death, of whichever of the parents died the more recently.
3. 3. The period of residence in the territory of the Member to have been completed by a widow or a deceased parent shall be prescribed by national laws or regulations but shall not exceed five years.

Article 21

1. 1. A claimant shall be entitled to a widow's or orphan's pension if the annual value of the claimant's means, including any means of dependent children or orphans, does not exceed a limit which shall be fixed by national laws or regulations with due regard to the minimum cost of living.
2. 2. Means up to a level which shall be determined by national laws or regulations shall be exempted for the purpose of the assessment of means.

Article 22

The rate of pension shall be an amount which, together with any means of the claimant in excess of the means exempted, is at least sufficient to cover the essential needs of the pensioner.

Article 23

1. 1. A claimant shall have a right of appeal in any dispute concerning the award of a pension or the rate thereof.
2. 2. The appeal shall lie to an authority other than the authority which gave the decision in the first instance.

Article 24

1. 1. Foreign widows and orphans shall, if nationals of a Member bound by this Convention, be entitled to pensions under the same conditions as nationals.
2. 2. Provided that national laws or regulations may make the award of a pension to foreigners conditional upon the completion of a period of residence in the territory of the Member which shall not exceed by more than five years the period of residence provided for in Article 20.

Article 25

1. 1. The right to a pension may be forfeited or suspended in whole or in part if the widow or the person who has undertaken responsibility for the care of the orphan has obtained or attempted to obtain a pension by fraud.
2. 2. The pension may be suspended in whole or in part while the person concerned is entirely maintained at the public expense.

Article 26

Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article 15, this Convention does not refer to the maintenance of pension rights in the event of residence abroad.

Article 27

The formal ratifications of this Convention under the conditions set forth in the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.

Article 28

1. 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members whose ratifications have been registered with the International Labour Office.
2. 2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members of the International Labour Organisation have been registered with the Director-General.
3. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.

Article 29

As soon as the ratifications of two Members of the International Labour Organisation have been registered with the International Labour Office, the Director-General of the International Labour Office shall so notify all the Members of the International Labour Organisation. He shall likewise notify them of the registration of ratifications which may be communicated subsequently by other Members of the Organisation.

Article 30

1. 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered with the International Labour Office.
2. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.

Article 31

At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.

Article 32

1. 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then unless the new Convention otherwise provides,
   • (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 30 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
   • (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.

Article 33

The French and English texts of this Convention shall both be authentic.

The foregoing is the authentic text of the Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933, as modified by the Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946.